Konversi Limbah Sarung Tangan Lateks Laboratorium Menjadi Bahan Bakar Cair dan Pemurniannya

Pyrolysis of latex gloves waste has been carried out without catalyst at 200°C for 2 h, producing 15.9% liquid, 45.35% gas, and 38.75% residue from 2000 g of waste, where the liquid product contained wax. The liquid product composed of 94.3% hydrocarbon and 5.71% chlorine compound. This research was focused on the removal of wax and chlorine compound in the purpose of increasing the calorimetric value of the product. Filtration using activated zeolite and distillation at 90ᵒC were choosen to purify the liquid product. The lowest content of wax and chlorine was achieved using filtration techniques. The decrement of wax and chlorine compound in the liquid product increased its physicochemical properties, where the highest calorimetric value was achieved through filtration using activated zeolite, with the calorimetric value of 10715 cal/g.

Halogenation as a Strategy to Improve Antiplasmodial Activity: A Report of New 3-Alkylpyridine Marine Alkaloid Analogs

Introduction: Due to the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs as well as the lack of vaccination for malaria, there is an urgent demand for the development of new antimalarial alternatives. Recently, our research group developed a new set of 3-alkylpyridine marine alkaloid analogs, of which a compound known as compound 5 was found to be inactive against Plasmodium falciparum.Methods: Herein, we report a successful halogenation strategy to improve the antiplasmodial activity of compound 5 through the replacement of a hydroxyl group by chlorine (compound 6) and fluorine (compound 7) atoms. Results: Compounds 6 and 7 showed improved antiplasmodial activities (IC50 = 7.2 and 8.3 µM, respectively) 20 times higher than that of their precursor, compound 5 (IC50 = 210.7 µM). Ultraviolet-visible titration experiments demonstrated that halogenation of compound 5 did not alter its ability to bind its target, hematin. Conclusion: Halogenation can enhance the antiplasmodial activity of a compound without altering its mechanism of action.

Identification of a parasitic symbiosis between respiratory metabolisms in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle

A key step in the chlorine cycle is the reduction of perchlorate (ClO4-) and chlorate (ClO3-) to chloride by microbial respiratory pathways. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria and chlorate-reducing bacteria differ in that the latter cannot use perchlorate, the most oxidized chlorine compound. However, a recent study identified a bacterium with the chlorate reduction pathway dominating a community provided only perchlorate. Here we confirm a metabolic interaction between perchlorate- and chlorate-reducing bacteria and define its mechanism. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria supported the growth of chlorate-reducing bacteria to up to 90% of total cells in communities and co-cultures. Chlorate-reducing bacteria required the gene for chlorate reductase to grow in co-culture with perchlorate-reducing bacteria, demonstrating that chlorate is responsible for the interaction, not the subsequent intermediates chlorite and oxygen. Modeling of the interaction suggested that cells specialized for chlorate reduction have a competitive advantage for consuming chlorate produced from perchlorate, especially at high concentrations of perchlorate, because perchlorate and chlorate compete for a single enzyme in perchlorate-reducing cells. We conclude that perchlorate-reducing bacteria inadvertently support large populations of chlorate-reducing bacteria in a parasitic relationship through the release of the intermediate chlorate. An implication of these findings is that undetected chlorate-reducing bacteria have likely negatively impacted efforts to bioremediate perchlorate pollution for decades.

Newrac-XP(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3) [X= N(CH3)(cyclo-C6H11) and NH(C3H5)] andrac-(C6H5CH2NH)P(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) mixed-amide phosphinates

The mixed-amide phosphinates,rac-phenyl (N-methylcyclohexylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C20H27N2O2P, (I), andrac-phenyl (allylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C16H19N2O2P, (II), were synthesized from the racemic phosphorus–chlorine compound (R,S)-(Cl)P(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3). Furthermore, the phosphorus–chlorine compound ClP(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) was synthesized for the first time and used for the synthesis ofrac-phenyl (benzylamido)(cyclohexylamido)phosphinate, C19H25N2O2P, (III). The strategies for the synthesis of racemic mixed-amide phosphinates are discussed. The P atom in each compound is in a distorted tetrahedral (N1)P(=O)(O)(N2) environment. In (I) and (II), thep-tolylamido substituent makes a longer P—N bond than those involving theN-methylcyclohexylamido and allylamido substituents. In (III), the differences between the P—N bond lengths involving the cyclohexylamido and benzylamido substituents are not significant. In all three structures, the phosphoryl O atom takes part with the N—H unit in hydrogen-bonding interactions,viz.an N—H...O=P hydrogen bond for (I) and (N—H)(N—H)...O=P hydrogen bonds for (II) and (III), building linear arrangements along [001] for (I) and along [010] for (III), and a ladder arrangement along [100] for (II).

Antimicrobial factors effects on biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus

We determined the disinfectant effects of benzalkonium chloride (BC) and Savo (SV), a chlorine compound, on the biofilm and planktonic cells in 23 strains S. aureus mainly food isolates. The biofilm formation was performed in a model system using microtiter polystyrene plates COSTAR 3797 in trypton-soy broth with 1% glucose at 30°C. Benzalkonium chloride (BC) at 125 mg/l, applied directly on 24 h old biofilm, was able to remove the biofilm matrix in 21 strains, and to stop the reproduction of the biofilm cells in 23 strains. BC at the concentration of 125 mg/l was lethal to planktonic cells, coincubated for 24 h or treated for 10 minutes. None of the strains studied was able to grow in SV at 1X recommended concentration, while the safety lethal concentration for planktonic cells treated for 10 min was 4X. The application of 4X concentration SV into the 24 h old suspension removed the biofilm matrix in all strains and devitalised the biofilm cells in 10 strains and inhibited the viability in 13 strains by 70%.