Pengukuran level pembentukan es (ICING) pada pemodelan menggunakan rancang bangun sensor berbasis perubahan frekuensi dengan induktor datar

Icing is one of the main dangers for the flight and are cumulative. The icing is a process of accumulation of ice on parts of the aircraft, which will lead to changes in geometry and resulted in a variety of other disorders. For example, there was a buildup of ice on the propellor (propeller) and the engine carburetor so it can reduce the thrust plane even caused the plane to fall freely (stall). For it needs to be designed and built the Icing Detector as well as the actuator in providing early warning of the existence of the calculation and the icing on the pilot. This instrument is designed with electronic units that use the oscillator as frequency generator and frequency meter based mikrokontroller ATmega8 as the measuring frequency. The surface of the sensor is made up of printed inductor with a broad surface for detection area. Sensors and electronic units connected by cable. In addition, modeling for the pilot indicators have been designed using the LCD. Research results suggest that testing on "Ice Accretion-Level Measurement On Modelling using printed Inductor Sensor Prototype Based On Frequency Shifting" has been a successful made in accordance with the expected functions. These instruments can detect the occurrence of icing and give an indication of the thickness of the ice. It is possible to form a flat sensor installation on the aircraft to be more unobtrusive air flow, as well as a spacious surface produces more accurate results.

Estimating the Cutting Characteristics of Spiral Tap - Tool Edge Temperature and Fluctuation of Cutting Forces

A method for estimating the cutting characteristics of spiral tap by fluctuation of cutting forces is proposed. The behavior of torque and thrust in tapping is influenced by the change of cutting state. Therefore in this method the fluctuation of cutting forces is depicted in the torque-thrust plane in which the horizontal axis and the vertical axis indicate thrust and torque respectively. Tapping of stainless steel AISI 304 was conducted with several coated spiral taps attached to an axial floating tap holder. The tool edge temperature was also measured by a two-color pyrometer with an optical fiber. When the fluctuating of forces in the torque-thrust plane was similar to a theoretical pattern, the surface of thread did not have obvious geometric damage. In this cutting conditions, there is a strong correlation between tool edge temperature and cross-sectional cutting area.

BEHAVIOR OF PINDOS FLYSCH DURING TUNNELLING THROUGH A THRUST ZONE. DEFORMATION AND ROCK BEHAVIOR. EXPIERENCE FROM THE ACHELOOS RIVER DIVERSION TUNNEL TO THESSALY.

The Acheloos diversion project consists of a series of reservoirs and a diversion tunnel. The tunnel has a designed internal diameter of 6m and a total length of ca. 17 400 m. Through the tunnel waters from the upper Achellos will be transferred to Thessaly. The project area belongs entirely to the Pindos zone. To the west (Mouzaki - Drakotrypa area) limestone, Jurassic chert and transitional strata (limestone and siltstone interchanges) overthrust sandstone and siltstone of the Pindos Flysch association (Paleogene). The thrust plane is well exposed and its geometrical features are clearly defined on the surface. Within silt- and sand- stones of the flysch, the developement of shear zones borders the thrust plane. Tunneling through limestone and chert advanced without specific problems. Tunneling through the flysch sequence slowed down the advancing rate. This was partially due to the composition and structure of the formation. The stand-up time was reduced due to compositional changes and the throughout development of shear zones. Heavy support measures were insalled and immediate monitoring began in the area where the thrust zone was developed. Data analysis and its results show that the rock formation remained into a dynamically active status. Four months after the excavation forces acting at the tunnel perimeter, exceeded the support measures bearing abilty causing tunnel radial convergence and the development of damages became visible. In this paper we describe tunneling conditions, the geology and the response of formations during excavation, as this was interpreted by monitoring data. We describe the damages caused as well as the counter measures applied in order to control and terminate the tunnel convergence.

Continuous out-of-sequence ductile thrusting in the Norwegian Caledonides

Peak metamorphic conditions (up to sillimanite grade) in a unit of rocks beneath the evolving Kalak Nappe Complex (Finnmarkian Caledonides) developed prior to its incorporation as a nappe within the complex. The presence of displacement textures in peak metamorphic por-phyroblasts indicates that they grew in a hydrostatic stress regime and thus that the emplacement of tectonically higher units caused little or no deviatoric stress in the footwall rocks except close to the thrust plane.The developing geotherm in the incipient nappe was disrupted by the onset of thrusting (D2 deformation), which placed hot rocks on colder rocks. This led to the cessation of prograde metamorphism and accounts for the ubiquitous association of nappe emplacement and the meta morphic peak. Later deformation (D3/D4) occurred at lower grades (biotite/chlorite). Consideration of nappe translation rates and the likely erosion/cooling rates indicates that nappe movements must have occurred ‘continuously out-of-sequence’ within the Kalak Nappe Complex.

Mise en place et pétrologie du granite associé au complexe ophiolitique de Thetford Mines, Québec

Sheets of granite are confined to shear zones in the tectonite peridotite unit of the Thetford Mines ophiolite complex. Their orientation is parallel to the thrust plane at the base of the complex. The granite, which is calc-alkaline and rich in potassium, does not belong to the ophiolite sequence. We show that it was tectonically incorporated within the partially serpentinized peridotite during thrusting and emplacement of the complex.During this process, the granite was strongly deformed and recrystallized at low pressure (500 bar (50 MPa)) and low temperature (500 °C or less), which gave rise to the mineral assemblage orthoclase, albite, hydromuscovite, and hydrothermal biotite. This episode was followed by a rodingite alteration, characterized by the formation of grossular, which was associated with the development of economic chrysotile within the enclosing peridotite. The K–Ar ages of biotite, muscovite, and feldspar from the granite cluster around 450 Ma. These cooling ages suggest that the emplacement and alteration of the granite and peridotite had ended by Late Ordovician time.

Englacial Deltaic Sediments as Evidence for Basal Freezing and Marginal Shearing, Leirbreen, Southern Norway

A frozen englacial band of current-bedded silts, sands, and gravels were observed close to the snout of the temperate glacier Leirbreen. Little-disturbed sedimentary structures indicated a deltaic origin, the lack of disturbance showing that the sediments were frozen prior to their incorporation by the glacier and did not suffer shearing during glacial transport. It was concluded that they accumulated originally in a subglacial pool when the glacier was more extensive than today. Subsequent thinning of the glacier during recession allowed penetration of winter cooling to the base and freezing of subglacial sediments. The resulting layer of frozen sediment was protected from summer thawing by the overlying glacier and might therefore have been subject to further increase in thickness during successive winters. Incorporation of the frozen sediment band into the glacier resulted from compressive flow against the marginal zone of cold-based ice, leading to the development of thrust planes which penetrated through the glacier and into the frozen subglacial material. Shearing along such a thrust plane immediately below the frozen sediment layer, brought it through the glacier to the surface in a relatively undisturbed state.

Englacial Deltaic Sediments as Evidence for Basal Freezing and Marginal Shearing, Leirbreen, Southern Norway

A frozen englacial band of current-bedded silts, sands, and gravels were observed close to the snout of the temperate glacier Leirbreen. Little-disturbed sedimentary structures indicated a deltaic origin, the lack of disturbance showing that the sediments were frozen prior to their incorporation by the glacier and did not suffer shearing during glacial transport. It was concluded that they accumulated originally in a subglacial pool when the glacier was more extensive than today. Subsequent thinning of the glacier during recession allowed penetration of winter cooling to the base and freezing of subglacial sediments. The resulting layer of frozen sediment was protected from summer thawing by the overlying glacier and might therefore have been subject to further increase in thickness during successive winters. Incorporation of the frozen sediment band into the glacier resulted from compressive flow against the marginal zone of cold-based ice, leading to the development of thrust planes which penetrated through the glacier and into the frozen subglacial material. Shearing along such a thrust plane immediately below the frozen sediment layer, brought it through the glacier to the surface in a relatively undisturbed state.