The word as a unit of internal predictability

A long-standing problem in linguistics is how to define word. Recent research has focused on the incompatibility of diverse definitions, and the challenge of finding a definition that is crosslinguistically applicable. In this study I take a different approach, asking whether one structure is more word-like than another based on the concepts of predictability and information. I hypothesize that word constructions tend to be more “internally predictable” than phrase constructions, where internal predictability is the degree to which the entropy of one constructional element is reduced by mutual information with another element. I illustrate the method with case studies of complex verbs in German and Murrinhpatha, comparing verbs with selectionally restricted elements against those built from free elements. I propose that this method identifies an important mathematical property of many word-like structures, though I do not expect that it will solve all the problems of wordhood.

The word as a unit of internal predictability

A long-standing problem in linguistics is how to define ‘word’. Recent research has focused on the incompatibility of diverse definitions, and the challenge of finding a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable (e.g. Haspelmath 2011; Gijn and Zúñiga 2014; Bickel and Zúñiga 2017; Tallman 2020). In this study I take a different approach, asking whether one structure is more word-like than another based on Shannon’s (1948) concepts of predictability and information. I hypothesise that word constructions tend to be more ‘internally predictable’ than phrase constructions, where internal predictability is the degree to which the entropy of one constructional element is reduced by mutual information with another element. I illustrate the method with case studies of complex verbs in German and Murrinhpatha, comparing verbs with selectionally restricted elements against those built from free elements. I propose that this method identifies an important mathematical property of many word-like structures, though I do not expect that it will solve all the problems of wordhood.

Numerical analysis of the cavitation effect occurring on the surface of steel constructional elements

Purpose: The aim of the work is to present the results of own investigations concerning the geometric optimisation of constructional elements working in the environment of cavitation wear together with a computer numerical analysis. The engineering material used for constructional elements working in the environment of cavitation wear is steel, commonly used for pressure devices working at elevated temperatures, P265GH, acc. to PN-EN 10028:2010. Design/methodology/approach: SOLID EDGE ST 7 software, for synchronous designing, was used for the parametrisation of the shape, distribution, configuration and size of openings in constructional elements. Five models, with a different spacing and number of openings, were proposed for the optimisation of internal geometry of the cavitation generator and for the investigations; the models were then subjected to a numerical analysis using specialised software, ANSYS FLUENT v.16, employed for modelling the effects associated with fluid mechanics (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD). The data was implemented for this purpose in the software used, such as: density, yield point, tensile strength, heat conductivity coefficient for steel P265GH, material surface roughness, medium (water) flow rate, constant pressure loss of medium, pressure of steam saturation in a medium; and such data was called boundary conditions. Findings: The authors’ principal accomplishment is the optimisation of the shape, the selection of the most appropriate geometry of a constructional element generating the maximum number of cavity implosions in the environment of a flowing medium (water), with the use of computer tools dedicated to engineering design: a 3D and numerical computer analysis of fluid mechanics, CFD. Moreover, an attempt was made in this work to develop a methodology for characterisation of the phenomena accompanying the environment of cavitation wear. Practical implications: A possibility of examining the phenomena and a process of wear of a constructional element made of P265GH grade steel for pressure devices working at elevated temperatures. The demonstration and presentation of potential places, areas and sizes of erosion existing on constructional elements working in the environment of cavitation wear.

Design of Modifications for Constructional Elements of Manipulator Arm Aimed at Measuring of Operational Torque

There are often designed such constructional elements in the engineering practice that are specified for sensing of operational loading and for a precise setting of the individual components in the given technical device, for example components of a robot arm. Positioning of the robot arms is regulated by means of power output setting (or torque setting) of the driving parts (motors) predominately. Driving effect is transferred between the individual components by means of the connecting parts designed for transfer of force flow. There is described in this paper such design of modification for constructional element of the robot arm, which enables to perform measuring of torque in the joining parts of the robot arm during a current operation.

Forming of the Most Convenient Bent Constructional Elements with a Permissible Strength Given

In the present study, the limiting values are determined of the criteria quantities of optimal forming of the most convenient bent supporting structure for the case of static loads in the range of the Hooke’s law applicability. As the criterion of the most convenient constructional element, the following were accepted: the smallest length of the activity of internal forces as well as the equal potential and the gradient of the potential energy of elastic deformation at each point of the constructional element.

The Exploration about Support Constraints of Rectangular Statically Indeterminate Beam in the ANSYS Model

This essay stimulates multiple sets of constructional elements and a variety of constraints with the help of ANSYS. Collecting and sorting out the first principal stress simulation of each model which is under the same load .Calculating the theoretical value of each constructional element under the first principal stress by using related formulas in mechanics of materials. The optimal form of constraint was gotten by comparing the simulation value with the theoretical value. The conclusion could provide theoretical basis for simulating structural constraints of ANSYS.

Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis on Super Low Noise Mining System

in this paper, super low noise mining system is analyzed with dynamics model, every constructional element is studied with analysis of kinematics and dynamics, the path of the mass center, angular velocity and angular acceleration of every constructional element is obtained. Nonlinear vibration differential equations of the system are obtained according to Alembert principle. Through numerical analysis, the enforced situation and dynamo load torque of the joint between every constructional element is gained, the influence of crank angle on system response is acquired, and the result has a certain reference value to optimization of the system.