INFLAMMATION OF INTERSTITIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE SPACE INDUCED BY LEAD ACETATE AND AMELIORATIVE AFTERMATH OF FICUSCARICAON RAT TESTIS

Objective: To observe inflammation of interstitial connective tissue space caused by Lead acetate in rat testis and ameliorative after math caused by Ficuscarica. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi together with NIH (National Institute of Health) Islamabad, from Mar to Nov 2017. Methodology: Sprague Dawley male rats, 30 in quantity were chosen and 10 animals each partited into 3 groups. Treatments were given for 8 weeks, once daily. Group A was control group. Group B was treated with dosage of 30 mg/kg of Lead acetate. Group C was given dosage of 30 mg/kg of Lead acetate as well as 80 mg/kg of Ficuscarica. Twenty four hours after the concluding dose, animals were vivisected. For histological study, testis were fixed and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin. Interstitial connective tissue space thickness was morphometrically and assessed by SPSS version 22. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant in results. Results: Interstitial space thickness was significantly increased due to inflammation (>3 times normal) in group B in comparison to groups A and C. Thickness of space was slightly increased (<2 times normal) in group C in comparison to groups A due to reduction in inflammation. Conclusion: There was increased thickness of interstitium due to inflammation, cellular congestion and lymphocytic infiltration in rat’s testis because of lead acetate but concomitant dose of Ficuscarica protects against inflammation, venous congestion of interstitial space.

Morphological Features of the Acupuncture Points of Bladder Meridian in the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Background: The acupuncture points are considered a point in the skin of sensitivity to stimulation. The acupuncture meridians represent the communication between acupuncture points and internal organs. The giant anteater (Mirmecophaga tridactyla) is routinely attended in veterinary centers, and is pivotal to know its morphology and therapies such as acupuncture that, probably, can be used in medical practice. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological substrate in regions that correspond to the transposition of acupuncture points of the Bladder Meridian using radiography, ultrasonography, electrical impedance and histology in the giant anteater.Material, Methods & Results: Seven giant anteaters (six males and one female) were used. The animals were from the Center of Medicine and Research in Wild Animals (CEMPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. The acupoints of Bladder Meridian evaluated were Bladder 11 (B-11), Bladder 18 (B-18), Bladder 23 (B-23), Bladder 25 (B-25), and Bladder 28 (B-28). The locations of the acupoints were transposed based on the location of these acupuncture points in dogs. Four animals were live and were used for radiographic, ultrasonographic, and electrical impedance analysis. Three animals were died and the fragments of this acupoints were destined to histological routine with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson’s Trichrome stains. The giant anteaters studied had fifteen thoracic vertebrae, three lumbar vertebrae, and five sacral vertebrae fused in a single bone. The acupuncture points were characterized by presence of abundant connective tissue at the superficial and intermuscular level, muscular fascia, and many neurovascular bundles in the dermal layer. These bundles consisted of nerves, arteries and veins of various calibers. The spaces between the nerves and blood vessels were filled by loose connective tissue containing adipose cells, capillaries, and sweat glands.Discussion: The network of acupuncture points can be seen as a representation of a network formed by interstitial connective tissue. This hypothesis is supported by ultrasound imaging that demonstrated plans for cleavage of connective tissue at acupuncture points in normal humans. It seems that the anatomical relationship of acupoints and meridians with connective tissue planes is relevant to the mechanism of action of acupuncture and suggests an important integrative role for interstitial connective tissue. The presence of connective tissue was observed in the transposition areas studied in the giant anteater using ultrasound. The main histological structures found in the transposition regions of the acupoints in the giant anteater were the nerve and connective tissue, similar to other studies, who claimed that the nerve is the main histological component of an acupoint. Therefore, there are reports suggesting that the network of acupoints and meridians can be seen as a representation of a network formed by interstitial connective tissue and that this relationship is important for the therapeutic mechanism of acupuncture. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to infer that the studied regions present a morphological substrate that is consistent with the characteristics of an acupuncture point. Thus, it is suggested that there are probably acupuncture points in these regions in the giant anteater, which makes possible the use of this alternative medical therapy for the treatment of these animals.

Pathomorphological changes of the thymus of pigs at different stages of development of clinically expressed circovirus infection type ІІ

PCV2-infection of pigs plays an important role in the infectious pathology of pigs, having a significant impact on the economy of pig farms in different countries. Pathomorphological changes in the body of pigs with PCV2-infection occur moderately and in stages, as a result of the simultaneous launch of a set of mechanisms to counter the causative agent of the disease, resulting in the formation of a whole spectrum of reactive and pathological processes. The main “target” for PCV-2 is the immune system, and the multiplication of PCV-2 in the cells of the immune system leads to their death and development of immunodeficiency state. Thymus is the central organ of lymphocytopoiesis and imunopoiesis, in it occurs differentiation of all cellular forms of mature T-lymphocytes in the pre-T-lymphocyte stage, which migrate from the bone marrow to the bloodstream. The growth and development of the thymus, as well as the bone organs, is in direct interaction with the growth and development of the spleen, lymph nodes and is reflected in the structure of the interstitial connective tissue and lymphoid parenchyma. Purpose: determination of pathomorphological changes in the thymus of pigs at different stages of the development of clinically expressed PCV2-infection. Methods. The work was carried out in pig farms of Ukraine, with intensive technology of pig rearing, at the department of normal and pathological anatomy of agricultural animals and the Scientific and Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of the Agroindustrial Complex Resources of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University. For pathomorphological studies, animals were selected with clinical signs of active PCV2‑infection (in 1 ml of whole blood of which contained more than 107 copies of the PCV-2 virus equivalent gene) and also piglets with positive optical density of specific antibodies (Ig G and Ig M) in serum blood. Pathomorphological changes were characterized by gradual exhaustion of the lymphoid parenchyma with a sharp decrease in the area of the cortical substance of the particles. Against the background of the degradation of the lymphoid parenchyma of the organ, there is a tendency to increase the relative area of the interstitial connective tissue, as well as the absolute size and number of thymic bodies, has been established.

EFFECT OF BOUGINAGE AND WASHING OF THE PANCREATIC DUCT ON THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE PANCREATITIS

The presence of many hypotheses of the development of acute pancreatitis such as pancreatic duct hypertension, pancreatic reflux, vascular, allergic, neuro-reflex, infectious, etc. confirm the lack of a clear understanding of the development mechanisms of this pathology, and hence inaccuracy in the treatment and negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bouginage and flushing of the pancreatic duct on the course of experimental acute pancreatitis. Experiments were carried out on 12 dogs, for which a model of pancreatitis was created by autobile administration into the pancreas duct. Animals were divided into four groups, 3 animals per each, with the term of deduce from the test in one, three, seven days and six months respectively. Before the pancreas duct perfusion, it was injected with polyvinylchloride bougie that was removed through the incision in the distal part of the pancreas duct. Such manipulation allowed to conduct duct washing with medicinal substances at a pressure of 0.49-0.6 kPa and confirmed the assumption that in acute pancreatitis, filling of pancreas duct with condensed protein masses was observed, and this, changes the approach not only to the establishment of the pathogenetic link in the process of acute pancreatitis development, but also to its treatment. The duct was washed once. The common comprehensive drug therapy was carried out in dogs within the next five, six days. At the end of the first day, out of the 12 dogs, nine stood independently, the rest - on the second day. On the third day, all animals drank water, responded to stimuli. On the fifth day they were active, taking liquid feed. On the seventh day on their behavior and feeding manner the dogs of this group did not differ from healthy ones. To study morphological changes in pancreas after duct washing, three dogs were withdrawn from the test in one day. At autopsy effusion in peritoneal cavity was not observed. The left lobe of pancreas was a little bit shorter. Place of dissection of the tissues of the pancreas and the duct is covered with a blood clot. In the area of duodenum dissection, isolated patches of steatoenecrosis retained. Microscopically, in the duct area dissection changes in pancreas tissues, in general, were the same as in duct dissection without perfusion. At the same time, the plethora for this term was great. Necrotic centers of parenchyma were isolated and with moderate neutrophilic infiltration. Distant from the dissection zone in pancreas tissues there were minor focal hemorrhages with a violation of its structure, however, hyperplasia, foci of neutrophilic infiltration of the interstitial connective tissue were less manifestated. In the proximal part of the duct, the pancreas tissue retained moderate plethora. In addition, there were small foci of hemorrhages with a violation of the structure of individual acinus and slight neutrophilic infiltration in interstitial connective tissue. The latter was also marked by the accumulation of macrophages and the proliferation of fibroblasts, there were isolated areas of hemorrhages. In intact part there was an insignificant edema of interstitial connective tissue. As a result of the conducted experiments, we were convinced of the effectiveness of this method of treating acute pancreatitis.

Morphologic Findings of the Ischemic Myocardium

This study assesses the relation between qualitative and quantitative findings of myocytes and interstitial connective tissue in the ischemic heart disease. Qualitative and quantitative changes of myocytes and interstitial connective tissue were studied on the serial cross myocardial sections from 20 autopsied hearts with ischemic lesions, stained by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody (von Willebrand factor) and with hematoxylin-eosin method. Myocardial sections included proximal and distal part of occlusion and area of occlusion of coronary vessels. The volume densities (V V) of the cardiac myocytes and interstitial fibrosis in the group with coronary occlusion were examined stereologically and compared with control group. The findings showed a significant reduction in the volume density of myocytes and an increase in the volume density of interstitial fibrosis in patients with coronary occlusion compared with control group. Significant reduction in the volume density of myocytes and an increase in volume density of interstitial fibrosis were greater in the distal part of occlusion and area of occlusion, than in the proximal part of the occlusion. Our stereological results give useful quantitative information's of changes in myocardium parts during coronary occlusion as well as in normal conditions, and represent objective proof of significant changes in ischemic myocardium described by qualitative analyses.