How Brasidas Was Honoured at Skione (Thucydides 4.121.1)

The crux at Thucydides 4.121.1 has recently come under renewed scrutiny from scholars, but decisive conclusions were not reached. This article argues that commentators have not yet taken into account all relevant considerations, and that as a result the passage still remains incompletely understood. The verb προσήρχοντο is derived from προσέρχομαι, not προσάρχομαι. The unusual imperfect form προσήρχοντο (instead of expected Attic προσῇσαν) can perhaps be regarded as an instance of poetic verbal inflection (compare Pi. O. 9.93 διήρχετο), a type of diction suitable in the context of Thucydides’ heroic-poetic depiction of Brasidas. Modern scholars’ focus on the textual criticism of this one word has in general caused them to neglect matters of verbal interpretation. As a consequence, some important aspects of Thucydides’ language and the cultural context of the scene remain underappreciated.

About the hypothetical source of fake news: apagogical reasoning in the interpretation of work by Quintus Cornificius’ Rhetorica ad Herennium

In the work of Quintus Cornificius Rhetorica ad Herennium (CORN., II.25.39) we encounter arguments that are considered flawed by the Roman rhetorician but resemble apagogical arguments. The article is devoted to the analysis of this fragment of deliberations from Rhetorica ad Herennium. The author shows that they can be considered both as quasi-enthymematic reasoning and as an imperfect form of apagogical reasoning and maybe also abductive reasoning. This type of reasoning, according to the researcher, is one of the possible sources of fake news.

STATE IDEALISM AND THE EMERGING DEMOCRATIZATION CHALLENGES OF INDONESIA POST-POLITICAL ELECTION IN ABU NASR AL-FARABI’S PARADIGM OF QUR’ANIC EXEGESIS

Over 11 centuries, Abu Nasr al-Farabi (d. 950) is well-known as a great philosopher and political scientist. Few studies have examined al-Mu'allim al-Ṡani’s capacity as a Qur’anic interpreter. Even though Al-Farabi has never written a complete Qur’anic exegesis book, he is noticed consistently paraphrasing verses of the Qur’an into political statements to justify the interrelatedness between Islamic political thought with Ancient Greek’s one which inspired from Plato and Aristotle. This characteristic is seen in some of his masterpieces as Arāyat Ahl al-Madīnah al-Faḍīlah and al-Siyāsah al-Madīnah. This paper seeks the potential adaptation of al-Farabi's idea about the ideal society, based on his alteration of Qur’anic verses into political concepts, as an alternative to fulfill the shortfall of Indonesian democracy. The article reflects al-Farabi's thoughts in the context of democratization challenges in Indonesia post-political campaign and suggested that its practice of democration is still considered as a "green" and imperfect form. Keywords: Abu Nasr al-Farabi; madīnah al-fadhīlah al-sa’ādah, Democratization Challenges. Qur’anic Exegesis

Makna Aspektual dalam Wacana Berbahasa Lampung

One of the important things that must be conveyed to reveal information about an event is the time of occurrence of the event and the situation at the time of the event. Disclosure of information about an event that is related to time in linguistics including the intellectual meaning. Research in the field of semantics related to the meaning of time in Lampung is still rarely conducted. Therefore, such research needs to be done as an effort to document the Lampung language. The theory used is the theory of intellectual meaning proposed by Bernard Comrie. The method used is qualitative. Data is collected by being recorded and analyzed based on the inherent meaning contained in the verb. The results of this study indicate that the intellectual meaning in Lampung language is mostly expressed in the imperfect form. None of the aspects contained in the data are marked with moderate and will aspect markers, but there are those that are marked with aspect markers already. AbstrakSalah satu hal penting yang harus disampaikan untuk mengungkapkan suatu informasi tentang sebuah peristiwa adalah waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut dan situasi pada saat terjadinya peritiwa itu. Pengungkapan informasi mengenai suatu peristiwa yang berhubungan dengan waktu dalam ilmu kebahasaan termasuk pada makna aspektual. Penelitian dalam bidang semantik yang berkaitan dengan makna kewaktuan dalam bahasa Lampung masih jarang dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian seperti itu perlu untuk dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mendokumentasikan bahasa Lampung. Teori yang digunakan yaitu teori makna aspektual yang dikemukakan oleh Bernard Comrie. Metode yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara direkam dan dianalisis berdasarkan makna inheren yang terdapat pada verba. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna aspektual dalam bahasa Lampung sebagian besar diungkapkan dalam bentuk imperfektif. Aspek yang terdapat dalam data tidak ada yang ditandai dengan penanda aspek sedang dan akan, tetapi ada yang ditandai dengan penanda aspek sudah.

NOTES ON THE LIISSILÄ INGRIAN FINNISH DIALECT

The article focuses on some peculiarities of the Ingrian Finnish dialect spoken in the former Lutheran parish of Liissilä in Central Ingria.Two main pecularities of the Liissilä dialect are the imperative 2Sg -kai and a special group of verb type with the -oi stem ending. Most of the isoglosses, which were previously proposed as typical of the Äyrämöinen dialect, are currently absent in the Liissilä dialect. The dialect of Liissilä partially preserves two old pecularities of the Äyrämöinen dialect, namely nouns ending in - ее and verbs ending in - oi. On the other hand, there are quite a lot of areal isoglosses, which are common in local dialects of both Savakko (Inkere, Venjoki) and Äyrämöinen (Liissilä, Tuutari) parishes. These isoglosses include tarttu ‘potato’, potra ‘beautiful’, hirvitä ‘to be afraid’, the presence of the diphthong in the 3Sg imperfect form, the 1Pl affix -mma , the vowel ö in the verb pölästyy ‘to be scared’, the present stem niäe- of the verb nähhä ‘to see’ and some others. In the Linguistic Atlas of the Baltic-Finnish Languages the dialect zones of the Finnish language, including such units as the “South-Eastern Southern dialect” or the “dialect of Northern Khyame” are classified as “Evremeysky dialect”, “Savaksky dialect” and “dialect of Narvusi” in the territory of Ingria.

Augusto Del Noce and the problem of totalitarianism

AUGUSTO DEL NOCE AND THE PROBLEM OF TOTALITARIANISMThe aim of this paper is to present the refl ections of the Italian philosopher Augusto Del Noce 1910–1989 on totalitarianism and highlight some of the problems that this perspective can lead to in the analysis of the totalitarian phenomenon. Del Noce originally developed a philosophical and transpolitical interpretation of modernity, secularization and totalitarianism, pre-empting, in the early 1960s many of the arguments developed later by “revisionist” scholars: Fascism was an imperfect form of totalitarianism; Nazism was a reaction to Communism; Communism was the most perfect example of the totalitarian State. The philosophical reconstruction of Del Noce is focused on the dichotomy between theism and atheism. Modernity is identifi ed tout court with the rationalist rejection of the concept of original sin, from which atheism and totalitarianism necessarily follow, the latter being as an essential and necessary moment in the process of atheization of society. The assumption on which this interpretation is founded, however, is questionable, in that it is reductive.

BENDA ASTRONOMI DALAM AL-QURAN DARI PERSPEKTIF SAINS

The objects in the sky in an astronomical perspective is very much the type and amount, but in the perspective of The Quran consists only of the sun, moon, and stars. The Quran gives cues and clues about the movement of the heavenly bodies. Sky objects in the perspective of the Koran already set his destiny, and had been subdued, so consistently and definitely outstanding. According to The Quran cue each celestial bodies, circulation and no silent, including the sun are also outstanding. In the circulation of the month, has its own characteristics, because only months in circulation set manzilah-manzilah, so the moon when seen from Earth show different form, sometimes the perfect (full moon), and sometimes show an imperfect form. Thus, it can be well known, when the month of the date of 1,2,3, and so on, so that people can practice their religion is based on the moon trip. Abstrak: Benda-benda di langit dalam perspektif astronomi sangat banyak jenis dan jumlahnya, namun dalam perspektif al-Quran hanya terdiri dari matahari, bulan, dan bintang. Al-Quran memberikan isyarat dan petunjuk mengenai pergerakan benda-benda langit tersebut. Benda-benda langit dalam perspektif al-Quran sudah ditetapkan takdir-Nya, dan telah ditundukkan, sehingga beredar secara konsisten dan pasti. Menurut isyarat al-Quran masing-masing benda langit, beredar dan tidak ada yang diam, termasuk matahari juga beredar. Dalam peredaran bulan, memiliki ciri tersendiri, karena hanya bulan yang dalam peredarannya ditetapkan manzilah-manzilah, sehingga bulan ketika dilihat dari bumi menunjukkan wujud yang berbeda-beda, kadang sempurna (bulan purnama), dan terkadang menunjuk-kan wujud yang tidak sempurna. Dengan demikian, dapat dikenal dengan baik, kapan bulan tanggal 1,2,3, dan seterusnya, sehingga manusia dapat melaksanakan ibadah berdasarkan perjalanan bulan tersebut. Keywords: matahari, bulan, bintang, al-Quran, astronomi

Hithpael and Niphal in Biblical Hebrew: Semantic and Morphological Overlap

The well-established semantic overlap between the niphal and hithpael in Biblical Hebrew is explained by the morphological similarities between the two stems in the imperfect form in the consonantal text. This claim is supported by a statistical analysis indicating that the first root consonant of some verb classes has assimilated rather than undergone metathesis more commonly than has previously been thought.

NURBS-Based Variational Modeling As a Tool for the Analysis of Geometric Tolerances

The purpose of this research is to investigate a computer-aided approach to tolerance analysis for assemblies and mechanisms. A CAD system which can generate NURBS surfaces is used to produce imperfect-form, variant models. A method is developed for simulating the mating of these imperfect-form components by formulating surface mating relationships as a nonlinear programming problem. Using this approach, tolerance analysis can be performed by generating a series of typical component variants, simulating the positioning of these imperfect-form components then measuring geometric attributes of the assembly or mechanism which correspond to functionality.