Distinct contributions of explicit and implicit memory processes to weight prediction when lifting objects and judging their weights: an aging study

Weight predictions used to scale lifting forces adapt quickly when repeatedly lifting unusually weighted objects and are readily updated by explicit information provided about weight. In contrast, weight predictions used when making perceptual judgments about weight are more resistant to change and are largely unaffected by explicit information about weight. These observations suggest that distinct memory systems underlie weight prediction when lifting objects and judging their weights. Here we examined whether these weight predictions differ in their reliance on declarative and nondeclarative memory resources by comparing the adaptability of these predictions in older adults, who exhibit relatively impaired declarative memory processes, to those in younger adults. In the size condition, we measured lift forces as participants repeatedly lifted a pair of size-weight inverted objects in alternation. To assess weight judgments, we measured the size-weight illusion every 10 lifts. The material condition was similar, except that we used material-weight inverted objects and measured the material-weight illusion. The strengths of these illusions prior to lifting, and the attenuation of the illusions that arise when lifting inverted objects, were similar for both groups. The magnitude of the change in the illusions was positively correlated with implicit memory performance in both groups, suggesting that predictions used when judging weight rely on nondeclarative memory resources. Updating of lifting forces also did not differ between groups. However, within the older group the success with which lifting forces were updated was positively correlated with working memory performance, suggesting that weight predictions used when lifting rely on declarative memory resources.

Memory and Belief

Many beliefs depend on memories, and memories can be unreliable. This chapter deals briefly with the anatomy and physiology of memory, and defines the different kinds of memory _ long-term or declarative memory, which includes episodic or autobiographical memory, and semantic memory or memory of learned knowledge, source memory, procedural memory, working memory, and implicit, tacit or nondeclarative memory. Special attention is given to working memory and tacit memory, because they are important, and will be unfamiliar to some readers.