Glutathione-S-Crotonyl-N-Acetylthioethanolamine Alkenetransferase: Properties and Comparison with Other Glutathione-S-Transferases

<p>A mercapturic acid is an N-acetylated-S-substituted -L-cysteine in which the substitutive group is generally inert to further enzymic reaction (Wood, 1970). Detoxication of foreign compounds to mercapturic acids in mammals has been known for almost 100 years, however the source of cysteine for conjugation has only recently been positively determined.</p>

Glutathione-S-Crotonyl-N-Acetylthioethanolamine Alkenetransferase: Properties and Comparison with Other Glutathione-S-Transferases

<p>A mercapturic acid is an N-acetylated-S-substituted -L-cysteine in which the substitutive group is generally inert to further enzymic reaction (Wood, 1970). Detoxication of foreign compounds to mercapturic acids in mammals has been known for almost 100 years, however the source of cysteine for conjugation has only recently been positively determined.</p>

Fractionated Lignosulfonates for Laccase-Catalyzed Oxygen-Scavenging Films and Coatings

Lignin derivatives have potential as antioxidants in advanced packaging materials through their ability to scavenge oxygen in reactions catalyzed by phenol-oxidizing enzymes, such as laccase. The effects of size fractionation of lignosulfonates on laccase-catalyzed reactions were investigated in experiments with aqueous solutions, films, and coated paperboard. Four industrial lignosulfonate preparations were compared: Feed (unfractionated), Prod (5–60 kDa enriched), Conc (≥60 kDa enriched), and Perm (≤60 kDa enriched). Extraction of lignosulfonates from films showed that the enzymic reaction increased the average molecular weight from <10,000 to up to 66,000. The enzymatic reaction resulted in an increase in the water contact angle of the films from the range 25–49° to 56–81°. The four preparations showed relatively small differences with regard to their ability to scavenge oxygen in aqueous solution and in experiments with coated paperboards in sealed chambers. Coatings with lignosulfonates where the contents of low-molecular weight material had been reduced (i.e., Prod and Conc) showed improved water resistance after the enzymic reaction. Thus, in both aqueous and solid media, fractionation of lignosulfonates had little effect on oxygen scavenging, but fractionation was beneficial for other reasons, such as improved cross-linking resulting in higher molecular weight and superior water resistance.