Why Do Some Rainbow Trout Genotypes Grow Better With a Complete Plant-Based Diet? Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses on Three Isogenic Lines

Within the context of a growing aquaculture production coupled with a plateau of the production in the main components of aquafeeds (fish oil and fishmeal), recent studies have typically focused on replacing these feedstuffs with terrestrial plant ingredients for cultured carnivorous aquatic species, such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Substitution rates without adverse effects have, however, reached their limit. One potential way forward would be to take advantage of the genetic variability that exists in the salmonid population. However, to date, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this genetic variability. The aim of the present research was to understand why some genotypes are better able to utilize plant-based diets devoid of marine resources. In this regard, three isogenic lines of rainbow trout (R23h, AB1h, and A22h), with similar growth when fed marine resources-based diets and which differ greatly in their responses to a plant-based diet, were fed with either a complete plant-based diet (V diet) or a marine resources-based diet (M diet) since first-feeding. Fish traits and the hepatic transcriptome of these three genotypes were compared after 5 months of feeding. First, differences in the ability to grow with the V diet observed amongst genotypes was not due to higher feed intake, but instead due to differences in feed efficiency. The comparison of transcriptome profiles revealed 575 (R23h vs. AB1h), 1,770 (R23h vs. A22h), and 2,973 (AB1h vs. A22h) probes differentially expressed amongst the three genotypes when fed the V diet. Interestingly, R23h and AB1h fish, which were the least affected by the V diet, exhibited the highest growth. These results demonstrate that these fish were able to maintain a high level of energy production and protein synthesis. Moreover, these genotypes were also able to activate pathways linked to lipid and cholesterol metabolisms, such as the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Finally, as previously, immunity seems to also play an important role in the ability of fish to use the V diet, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which immunity interacts with growth.

Veganism: A New Approach to Health

The word vegan was given by Donald Watson in 1944 in Leicester, England, who, together with several other members of the Vegetarian Society, wanted to establish a group of vegetarians who did not consume milk or dairy products. When the proposal was rejected, Watson and like-minded people founded The Vegan Society, which advocated a complete plant-based diet, excluding meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products (cheese, butter) and honey. Vegans do not wear fur items, wool, bone, goat, coral, pearl or any other material of animal origin. According to surveys, vegans make up between 0.2% and 1.3% of the US population and between 0.25% and 7% of the UK population. Vegan foods contain lower levels of cholesterol and fat than the usual diet.

Fuzzy Logic in Agriculture – A Short Review

The Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a variant of soft computing which its versatile it widens its applications to all domain. This article focuses on its application in agriculture. The scope of this logic is not limited to few areas of agriculture. It is extended from the soil analysis to complete plant production, all the areas are comprised by the usage of FL. The short wider literature survey is carried out to understand the FL in agriculture.

Diamond plant statistics, process efficiencies, liberation modelling, and simulation: The art of the possible

SYNOPSIS The paper brings together the language of diamond numbers and the underlying principles for calculation of diamond liberation, followed by estimation of process efficiency at circuit and complete plant levels. In this way it provides a reference point, albeit a mixture of the theoretical and empirical, to assess the effectiveness of diamond plant accounting systems in the field. Having established today's baseline, the wider aim is ongoing education, peer technical debate, and progression to a more exact science. Keywords: diamonds, liberation, recovery, modelling.

Modeling Solar Converters for Harmonic and Resonance Studies

Solar and renewable plants are increasingly being added to national grids. One technical drawback of renewable generators is that they tend to cause a significant harmonic distortion of the current and voltage waveforms. The harmonic distortions are amplified when the natural resonances of the grid interact with the injected harmonics from the power electronic based PV generation. A sustained harmonic distortion can lead to equipment failure, reduced plant output or a complete plant shutdown. Therefore, it is important to study harmonic interactions and resonance issues using fully detailed EMT models before the commissioning of a renewable plant. This paper outlines important features of modelling solar converters for the use of harmonic and resonance studies.

Penetapan Kadar Pb Dalam Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) yang Direbus Dengan Cara Dimasukkan Dalam Air Biasa dan Air Panas Sebelum Perebusan

Kangkung termasuk sayuran yang banyak digemari, yang mudah tumbuh ditempat berair ataupun di dekat sungai, dank arena itu banyak ditanam di dekat sungai dan disirami dengan air sungai tersebut. Jika sungai tercemar dengan logam berat, maka kemungkinan besar tanaman yang tumbuh disitu juga tercemar. Suatu penelitian terhadap kangkung yang ditanam di media yang tercemar oleh Pb membuktikan bahwa kangkung tersebut juga mengandung Pb. Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perebusan dapat mengurangi kandungan Pb dalam kangkung dilakukan penelitian dengan berbagai cara perebusan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans) sebagai sampel, dan ditanam secara hidroponik, serta disiram dengan larutan Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) dan larutan Pb (2 mg/Ldua kali sehari. Kangkung di panen pada usia 6 minggu, kemudian daun dan batangnya direbus dengan dua cara. Perlakuan I: kangkung dimasukkan ke dalam air yang sudah mendidih, kemudian direbus, perlakuan II: kangkung dimasukkan ke dalam air biasa, kemudian direbus. Sebagai control digunakan kangkung yang tidak direbus. Untuk mengukur kandungan Pb digunakan alat Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+. Ternyata ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar Pb dalam sampel yang dimasukkan ke dalam air dingin ssebelum perebusan (0,272 mg/100 g) dan dimasukkan ke dalam air mendidih sebelum perebusan (0,294 mg/100 g).