4. Retention of title clauses

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on retention of title clauses, also known as reservation of title clauses, in sale of goods contracts. It explains how retention of title (or Romalpa) clauses are especially useful in cases where the buyer becomes insolvent and then stresses the importance of properly incorporating a retention of title clause into the contract of sale. The chapter examines the 1976 Romalpa case and its influence on retention of title cases. It considers ‘all-liabilities’ clauses in contracts of sale of goods and concludes by discussing criticisms against retention of title clauses and how, in practice, they might fail. The chapter discusses the 2014 Court of Appeal decision in FG Wilson (Engineering) Ltd v John Holt & Co (Liverpool) Ltd which illustrates the dangers of retention of title clauses which can leave buyers somewhat unprotected and how a degree of balance was reintroduced by the Supreme Court in PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC and Another v OW Bunker Malta Ltd and Another.

Macroeconomic Aggregates and Retention Ratio of Quoted Firms in Nigeria

This study examined the effects of macroeconomic aggregate on retention ratio of selected quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2014. The study used secondary data. The technique adopted is the Ordinary Least Squares, Error correction mechanism and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds approach to cointegration. The dynamic short-run estimate revealed that interest rate exerts a negative influence on retention ratio. The study also found that oil price exerts a positive and significant impact on retention ratio. Further, it revealed that capital market development exerts a positive influence on retention ratio, but financial sector's development showed a positive relationship with retention ratio, inflation rate appeared with an expected negative sign. Foreign exchange rate showed a positive relationship with retention ratio; money supply exhibited a positive influence on retention ratio of quoted firms in Nigeria. The error correction coefficients were significant with the expected sign. A long run relationship among the variables was established. Thus, the study concludes that macroeconomic variables have a significant influence on dividend policy. We recommend the need for firms to consider the operating macroeconomic framework in formulating dividend policy.

4. Retention of title clauses

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, Key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on retention of title clauses, also known as reservation of title clauses, in sale of goods contracts. It explains how retention of title (or Romalpa) clauses are especially useful in cases where the buyer becomes insolvent and then stresses the importance of properly incorporating a retention of title clause into the contract of sale. The chapter examines the 1976 Romalpa case and its influence on retention of title cases. It considers ‘all-liabilities’ clauses in contracts of sale of goods and concludes by discussing criticisms against retention of title clauses and how, in practice, they might fail. The chapter discusses the 2014 Court of Appeal decision in FG Wilson (Engineering) Ltd v John Holt & Co (Liverpool) Ltd which illustrates the dangers of retention of title clauses which can leave buyers somewhat unprotected and how a degree of balance was reintroduced by the Supreme Court in PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC and Another v OW Bunker Malta Ltd and Another.