Histologic features in an autoimmune gastritis patient with hypergastrinemia: Call for a grading system for G cell hyperplasia

Introduction/Objective Autoimmune gastritis (AG) is characterized by oxyntic glands destruction, metaplasia, enterochromaffin-like endocrine cell abnormality and G-cell hyperplasia with hypergastrinemia. The gastrin level can be extraordinarily high in certain cases to justify suspicion of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. We herein report one such case and discuss clinical implication of a grading system for G-cell hyperplasia to correlate histology with gastrin levels. Methods/Case Report The patient was a symptomatic 65 year-old female with hypergastrinemia (2,068 pg/mL), negative abdomen/pelvis CT scan, positive anti-intrinsic factor and anti-parietal cell antibodies. Under esophagogastroduodenoscopy, biopsies were obtained from gastric cardia, fundus, corpus, incisura angularis, and antrum. Morphology and immunostains confirmed autoimmune gastritis. Diffuse linear pattern G-cell hyperplasia was evident in antrum and incisura angularis, counting up to 200 G-cells per linear millimeter. One study defined G-cell hyperplasia as >140 gastrin-positive cells per linear millimeter while another proposed a 2-tier stratification, i.e., simple hyperplasia (4-5 cells for each gland) and linear hyperplasia (continuous chain-like distribution of G-cells). Such scoring, however, was largely qualitative and fell short in delineating the extent of G-cell hyperplasia and correlation with gastrinemia. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Lack of G-cell grading system hindered our unequivocal determination of the G-cell hyperplasia as underlying or contributing cause of hypergastrenemia. The unique features of our case highlighted the necessity for installing a practical grading system that incorporates G-cell density, pattern (linear vs. nodular), extent of involved areas, other features of AG to correspond to gastrin level. With accumulation of clinical information, one such grading system is feasible and will improve our knowledge and patient care.

Identification and optimization of triphenylmethane dyes removal by Streptomyces sp. from forest soil

This study identified a common Streptomyces sp. (MN262194) from forest soil as an efficient decolorizer of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes. Partial 16S rRNA sequencing identified the isolate as possibly Streptomyces bacillaris (similarity 99.32%). Live and dead cells of Streptomyces sp. were applied to decolorize Malachite Green (MG), Methyl Violet (MV), Crystal Violet (CV), and Cotton Blue (CB). The decolorization efficacy for both cell types was further optimized based on One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) method to determine the influence of pH, agitation speed (rpm), biomass (g), initial dye concentration (mg L− 1), and oxygen. Removal of TPM dyes was repeated for both live and dead cells using combined optimal conditions determined for each biomass type. Results revealed that optimum conditions for live cells were pH 7, 100 rpm agitation, 0.5 g cell biomass, initial dye concentration of 100 mg L− 1 (50 mg L− 1 for CB), and with the presence of oxygen. In contrast, pH 9 (MG, MV, CV) and pH 3 (CB), with 100 rpm agitation, 0.75 g cell biomass, and initial dye concentrations of 100 mg L− 1 (50 mg L− 1 for CB), were the optimum conditions for dead cells. At optimal conditions, live cells showed significantly higher decolorization activities for all dyes (MG 95%, MV 92%, CV 87%, CB 68%). Removal of TPM dyes was via biosorption and biodegradation, detected with changes of ultraviolet-visible spectra between the untreated dye and treated dye. Sorption by Streptomyces sp. conforms to the Langmuir isotherm model. Streptomyces sp. was established as an effective decolorizer for most TPM dyes with > 85% decolorization (with the exception for CB).

IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA APRIORI UNTUK ANALISIS PENJUALAN KONTER BERBASIS WEB

Promosi yang efektif dapat meningkatkan angka penjualan. Untuk menentukan dan mengembangkan promosi agar lebih terarah dan tepat sasaran, Konter perlu mengidentifikasi pasar sasaran dan motif membeli. Salah satu cara untuk mengenali kondisi pasar adalah mengetahui minat beli konsumen, yang dapat diamati melalui data-data transaksi pembelian. Algoritma apriori dapat dimanfaatkan dalam proses penjualan, dengan memberikan hubungan antar data penjualan, dalam hal ini adalah kuota atau aksesoris handphone yang di beli sehingga akan didapat pola pembelian konsumen. Pihak konter dapat memanfaatkan informasi tersebut untuk mengambil tindakan bisnis yang sesuai, dalam hal ini informasi dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk menentukan strategi penjualan selanjutnya. Dengan menggunakan metode data mining yaitu market basket analysis dan algoritma apriori, dihasilkan aturan asosiasi yang menunjukkan pola beli konsumen dan seberapa kuat suatu item mempengaruhi item lain. Dari hasil analisa dan pengujian telah dilakukan ujicoba sistem sebanyak tiga kali menggunakan data transaksi Konter G Cell selama periode bulan Desember 2019 sampai November 2020 (1 Tahun) dengan merubah parameter minimum support dan minimum confidence maka didapat hasil kombinasi menu item yang dapat di buat untuk proses pengembangan promosi.

Prospecting for Oleaginous and Robust Chlorella spp. for Coal-Fired Flue-Gas-Mediated Biodiesel Production

Prospecting for robust and high-productivity strains is a strategically important step in the microalgal biodiesel process. In this study, 30 local strains of Chlorella were evaluated in photobioreactors for biodiesel production using coal-fired flue-gas. Three strains (M082, M134, and KR-1) were sequentially selected based on cell growth, lipid content, and fatty acid composition under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Under autotrophic conditions, M082 and M134 showed comparable lipid contents (ca. 230 mg FAME [fatty acid methyl esters derived from microalgal lipids]/g cell) and productivities (ca. 40 mg FAME/L·d) versus a reference strain (KR-1) outdoors with actual flue-gas (CO2, 13%). Interestingly, under mixotrophic conditions, M082 demonstrated, along with maximal lipid content (397 mg FAME/g cell), good tolerance to high temperature (40 °C). Furthermore, the fatty acid methyl esters met important international standards under all of the tested culture conditions. Thus, it was concluded that M082 can be a feedstock of choice for coal-fired, flue-gas-mediated biodiesel production.

Topographic distribution pattern of morphologically different G cells in the murine antral mucosa

<p>Gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cells (G cells) in the antrum play an important role in the regulation of gastric secretion, gastric motility and mucosal cell proliferation. Recently we have uncovered the existence of two subpopulations of G cells with pivotally different morphology and a distinct localization in the antral invaginations; the functional implications of the different G cell types are still elusive. In this study a transgenic mouse line in which EGFP is expressed under the control of a gastrin promoter was used to elucidate the distribution pattern of the two G cell types throughout the different regions of the antrum. The results of immunohistochemical analyses revealed that G cells were not equally distributed along the anterior/posterior axis of the antrum. The “typical” pyramidal- or roundish-shaped G cells, which are located in the basal region of the antral invaginations, were more abundant in the proximal antrum bordering the corpus region but less frequent in the distal antrum bordering the pylorus. In contrast, the “atypical” G cells, which are located in the upper part of the antral invaginations and have a spindle-like contour with long processes, were evenly distributed along the anterior/posterior axis. This characteristic topographic segregation supports the notion that the two G cell types may serve different functions. A comparison of the antrum specific G cells with the two pan-gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cell types, somatostatin-secreting D cells and serotonin-secreting enterochromaffin (EC) cells, revealed a rather similar distribution pattern of G and D cells, but a fundamentally different distribution of EC cells. These observations suggest that distinct mechanisms govern the spatial segregation of enteroendocrine cells in the antrum mucosa.</p>