Ultrasound Assisted Sonochemical Decomposition of Methyl Orange in the Presence of H2O2 and CCl4

Methyl orange (MO) is an orange azoic dye; which has transition range from 3.1 to 4.4. Sonochemical decomposition of methyl orange in the presence of H2O2 and CCl4 has given effective result to reclaim water from the effluents released by the industries. The aim of this research was to investigate the effective condition for the decomposition of MO in the presence or absence of additives. For this, 50 mg/L solution of MO was sonicated in the presence and absence of different additives. It was clearly confirmed that the rates of sonochemical decomposition of MO increased with increasing the concentration in both cases of H2O2 and CCl4. The combination of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) namely hydrogen per-oxide and carbon tetra-chloride with sonolysis harvests the decomposition of wide spectrum of organic contaminants. The combination of sonolysis with H2O2 and CCl4 enhances the production of non-selective radicals to improve the decomposition process. The AOPs is technically feasible and also economic. Based on the results, it was suggested that the rate of MO decomposition can be effectively enhanced by the sonolysis of CCl4 and also for H2O2. It was possible to include order- MO+200 µL H2O2 > MO+100 µL H2O2 > MO+20 µL H2O2 > MO; MO+200 µL CCl4 > MO+100 µL CCl4 > MO+20 µL CCl4 > MO.

A Model for the Prediction of Bubble Detachment Diameters in Vapor Compression Distillation Assembly

The vapor compression distillation assembly is a phase-change water recovery technology which will reclaim water from urine, whose evaporator is a rotating container involving boiling heat transfer. The production rate of the apparatus depend on the bubble detachment diameter. In the article, based on the force equilibrium of bubble, the bubble detachment diameter formula is obtained, in which, the flow velocity along axis is neglected because it is very slow. The formula is very significant to the design of the apparatus and other relative apparatus.

The Design, Operation and Performance of the New Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) WWTP for the Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA Camps in Western Massachusetts

The increasingly stringent requirements for effluent quality and the need to reclaim water are promoting the application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. The membrane replaces the solids separation function carried out by the secondary clarifier and sand filter in a conventional activated sludge system. The MBR process effectively overcomes the problems associated with poor settling of sludge. In addition, the use of membranes permits the operation of the bioreactor at higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations of 8,000 to 12,000 milligrams per litre (mg/L) compared to a conventional system, which may operate between 2,000 to 4,000 mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration allows for improved removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable material from the wastewater. The MBR design also reduces the area as well as the reactor volume required for treatment. Two-State YMCA operates Camp Chimney Corners and Camp Becket in Becket, Massachusetts. These two camps were under consent orders to address deficient septic systems and decided to construct a 40,000 gallons per day (151,400 litres/day) wastewater treatment plant and wastewater collection and conveyance system to address septic system problems. A MBR wastewater treatment plant was designed and constructed and began treating wastewater in May 2007. This paper presents the design, operation, and performance of the MBR WWTP.

A critical evaluation of combined engineered and aquifer treatment systems in water recycling

Australian experience at five research sites where stormwater and reclaimed water have been stored in aquifers prior to reuse, have yielded valuable information about water treatment processes in anaerobic and aerobic aquifers. One of these sites is the stormwater to potable water ASTR project at the City of Salisbury, a demonstration project within the broader EC project ‘RECLAIM WATER’. A framework for characterising the effectiveness of such treatment for selected organic chemicals, natural organic matter, and pathogens is being developed for inclusion in new Australian Guidelines for Management of Aquifer Recharge. The combination of pre-treatments (including passive systems such as reed beds) and aquifer treatment effectiveness in relation to source waters and intended uses of recovered water will be described. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of pre-treatments in relation to effectiveness and sustainability of managed aquifer recharge will be discussed taking account of aquifer characteristics. These observations will be consolidated into a draft set of principles to assist in selection of engineered treatments compatible with passive treatment in aquifers.