Prevalence of head and neck Myofascial Pain Syndrome in a South American population

Objective: To diagnose the prevalence of Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) with respect to sex, age, affected muscle, socioeconomic stratum, occupation and associated symptoms. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 220 outpatients who attended the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad de Antioquia Medellín-Colombia, between September 30th, 2015 and September 7th, 2017. Interventions: not applicable. Main measure of results: Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Results: 26.4% of our sample presented symtoms of MPS. More women than men were found to have MPS. The number of cases decreases with age. The most affected muscle is the trapezium, followed by the temporalis, and there are no significant differences in terms of socioeconomic stratum and occupation. The most frequently reported associated symptom is neck pain. Conclusion: Because there is such a high prevalence, and on a global scale, we believe it is important to establish effective means of diagnosis and adequate measures for the prevention and treatment of this pathology.

Influence of the socieconomic level on the temporal resolution hearing skills in adults

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the influence of the socioeconomic level on the temporal resolution auditory ability of adults. Methods: the sample consisted of 48 subjects aged 18 to 50 years, divided into three groups: G1, 11 subjects at level A; G2, 19 in B1 and B2 and G3, 18 in C1, C2, D and E. All subjects presented responses in 20 dB HL in frequencies of 500 to 4000 Hz, during audiometric screening, type A tympanometry, presence of contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflexes, no neurological, psychiatric and / or psychological changes diagnosed; without audiological and / or otological complaints and with performance above 95% in the dichotic digit test. The Random Gap Detection and Gap-in-noise tests were performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test for normality analysis and the Kruskall Wallis test for socioeconomic stratum analysis, were used, both with 5% significance. Results: there were statistically significant differences between the groups in the Random Gap Detection in the frequency of 500 Hz and in the average of the frequencies, as a function of the socioeconomic level, the same not being observed in the Gap-in-noise. Conclusions: it is suggested that the socioeconomic level be taken into account in the analysis of the Random Gap Detection test.

Estados emocionales contrapuestos como predictores del rendimiento académico en secundaria

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar los predictores de Ansiedad, Felicidad y Rendimiento Académico, considerando la edad, género, cultura y estrato socioeconómico, así como contemplar las relaciones que se pudieran dar entre las variables, para una población adolescente multicultural. Para ello, se ha contado con 811 participantes, de seis centros en los que se imparte formación perteneciente a la Etapa Secundaria. Considerando la cultura, el grupo mayoritario es el de participantes pertenecientes a la cultura-religión musulmana. Estos constituyen el 71.6% de la muestra, mientras que el 28.4% de la misma pertenecía a la culturareligión cristiana, siendo el 46.1% varones y el resto de la muestra (53.9%) mujeres. Como instrumentos de evaluación se han empleado el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo para Niños (STAIC, Spielberger, 2001), un cuestionario elaborado para evaluar la Felicidad junto con las calificaciones de los estudiantes. Los resultados reflejan que los predictores de la Ansiedad son la Edad y el Género. Para la Felicidad aparecen todas las variables sociodemográficas: Edad, Cultura, Estatus y Género. Se ha halló una fuerte relación inversa entre Ansiedad y Felicidad, actuando cada una como principal predictora de la otra. En Rendimiento Académico los predictores son el estatus, la cultura/religión y la edad. No se ha halló relación estadísticamente significativa entre Ansiedad y Rendimiento Académico, pero sí en el caso de la Felicidad. This work has as main objective to analyze the predictors of Anxiety, Happiness and Academic Achievement, according to age, gender, culture and socioeconomic stratum as well as the relationships that could be given between all the variables, for a multicultural adolescent sample. To make it possible we focused on 811 participants from six educational centre; 71.6% of the total were Muslims and 28.4% belonged to the Christian religion, 46.1% were male and 53.9% female. The techniques used in this survey were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC, Spielberger, 2001), a Happiness questionnaire, as well as the students’ grades. The results reflect that the predictors of Anxiety are Age and Gender. For Happiness, all the sociodemographics variables act as predictors: They are Age, Culture, Socioeconomic stratum and Gender. We found a strong and inverse relationship between Anxiety and Happiness. Each one act as the main predictor of the other. Academic Achievement predictors’ are the sociodemographic factors of status, culture and age. There is no statistically significant relationship between Anxiety and Academic Achievement, but we found it between Academic Achievement and Happiness.

Prevalence of maloclusion class III in children and young adults served at a university institution

Objective: To establish the prevalence of class III malocclusion in patients between 5 and 21 years of age who attended a consultation in the Odontopediatrics and Orthodontics clinic of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 108 patients between 5 and 21 years of age, who attended dental practice in the Odontopediatrics and Orthodonticsspecialties of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle, during period 1 of January 2012 to December 31, 2016. The information was obtained from the Clinical Stories that were stored in theactive archive of clinical records of the Institution. descriptive statistics was used. The variables age, gender, presence of class III malocclusion, origin and socioeconomic stratum were categorized, and a univariateand bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the relationship of the variables among themselves, and to typify the geographic location and socioeconomic stratum from which they came. mostly thepatients treated in these specialties. Results: A class III prevalence of 26% was found, showing no difference between men and women. Conclusions: The study revealed a high percentage of presence of class III malocclusion in the population of 5 to 21 years old that attended to the specialties of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle. The high prevalence of class III malocclusion allows an approach to the management of this disorder by residents.

Is city of residence a factor differentiating sitting time in adolescents?

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between city of residence and other factors related to sitting time in adolescents. Students (n = 1,089), between 14 and 18 years, completed self-reported questionnaires to collect data about sitting time, general fitness, physical education and sport participation, socio-economic stratum and householder ́s education in Botucatu (SP), Cáceres (MT) and São Paulo (SP). The choice of municipalities occurred for convenience and the selection of schools and students was performed randomly. Multi-level mixed linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between the independent variables and sitting time (min.day-1) during weekdays and weekend days. Hierarchal models were estimated to account for the nested nature of student within schools. Regarding cities of residence, there was no association with sitting time on both weekday (São Paulo, β = 36.87, CI: 25.6; 233.62 and Cáceres, β = 66.94, CI: 22.1; 156.01) and weekend (São Paulo, β = 104.01, CI: 64.5;138.20 and Cáceres, β = 90.23, CI: 33.2; 213.64), when compared to Botucatu. Socio economic indicators were related to sitting time in different ways considering week or weekend. Students with higher householder education degrees had more sitting time on weekdays. On weekend students in higher levels of socioeconomic stratum presented less sitting time. Adolescents with very good perception of general fitness had -65.29 minutes of sitting time on weekday and -70.1 minutes of sitting time on weekend. In the present study, city of residence was not related to sitting time in adolescents. However, other factors such as gender, socioeconomic stratum and educational status, participation in sports and physical education and perceptions of fitness were related to students sitting time.

Value-added in higher education: ordinary least squares and quantile regression for a Colombian case

Colombia applies two mandatory National State tests every year. The first, known as Saber 11, is applied to students who finish the high school cycle, whereas the second, called Saber Pro, is applied to students who finish the higher education cycle. The result obtained by a student on the Saber 11 exam along with his/her gender, and socioeconomic stratum are our independent variables while the Saber Pro outcome is our dependent variable.We compare the results of two statistical models for the Saber Pro exam. The first model, multi-lineal regression or ordinary least squares (OLS), produces an overall well fitted result but is highly inaccurate for some students. The second model, quantile regression (QR), weight the population according to their quantile groups. OLS minimizes the errors for the students whose Saber Pro result is close to the mean (a process known as estimation in the mean) while QR can estimate in the -quantile for every . We show that QR is more accurate than OLS and reveal the unknown behavior of the socioeconomic stratum, the gender, and the initial academic endowments (estimated by the Saber 11 exam) for each quantile group.

Mujeres cuidadoras familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica en Colombia

Objetivo: describir las características socio demográficas y la sobrecarga en cuidadoras colombianas, y explorar la asociación existente entre la sobrecarga, con las variables de edad, escolaridad, estrato, tiempo como cuidadora y número de horas que cuida al día. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo y de asociación con 1.183 cuidadoras de las cinco regiones de Colombia. Se midieron las variables sociodemográficas y la sobrecarga con el cuidado a partir de la aplicación de la Encuesta para la Caracterización del Cuidador Familiar de una Persona con Enfermedad Crónica y la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit. Resultados: el rango de edad de las cuidadoras que predomina está entre los 36 a 59 años, el nivel educativo es heterogéneo, la mitad de las cuidadoras se dedica al hogar como ocupación principal, religión predominante es católica. El 80 % cuida a la persona con enfermedad crónica desde el momento de su diagnóstico. Más de la mitad del grupo de participantes presentó ausencia de sobrecarga con el cuidado. La edad, el tiempo como cuidadora y el estrato socioeconómico, tienen una asociación estadísticamente significativa pero de magnitud débil con la sobrecarga de cuidado. No se encontró una asociación significativa entre la escolaridad de las cuidadoras. Conclusiones: se encontraron asociaciones de magnitud leve entre la edad, el estrato socioeconómico, el tiempo como cuidadora y la sobrecarga del cuidado; es vital consolidar un modelo que explique las variables que inciden en la sobrecarga de cuidadoras de personas con enfermedad crónica en el país.PALABRAS CLAVE: costo de enfermedad, cuidadores, enfermedad crónica, mujeres. Women, family caregivers of persons with chronic diseases in ColombiaABSTRACTObjective: to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and overload on Colombian female caregivers, and to explore the association between overload, with the variables of age, education, stratus, time as a caregiver and number of hours care per day. Materials and Methods: adescriptive study and association with 1183 caregivers from five regions of Colombia. Sociodemographic and care overload variables were measured through the administration of the Encuesta para la Caracterización del Cuidador Familiar de una Persona con Enfermedad Crónica and Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit. Results: the age range of predominant caregivers is between 36 to 59 years, the educational level is heterogeneous, half of the caregivers is dedicated to the home as their main occupation, the predominant religion is Catholic. 80% care for the person with chronic illness from the time of diagnosis. More than half the group of participants presented absence of overload with care. Age, time as a caregiver and socioeconomic status, have a statistically significant but weak magnitude care overload association. No significant association between schooling of caregivers found. Conclusions: mild magnitude associations between age, socioeconomic stratum, time as a caregiver and care overload found, It is vital to consolidate a model that explains the variables that affect the overload of caregivers of persons with chronic diseases in the country.KEY WORDS: cost of illness, caregivers, chronic disease, women. Cuidadores familiares mulheres de pessoas com doenças crônicas na Colômbia RESUMOObjetivo: descrever as características sociodemográficas e sobrecarregar cuidadores colombianos, e explorar a associação entre a sobrecarga, com as variáveis idade, escolaridade, estrato, o tempo como um cuidador e do número de horas de cuidados por dia. Materiais e Métodos: estudo descritivo e de associação com os cuidadores 1183 uma das cinco regiões da Colômbia. variáveis sociodemográficas foram medidos e sobrecarga com cuidado a partir da aplicação do Encuesta para la Caracterización del Cuidador Familiar de una Persona con Enfermedad Crónica e do Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit. Resultados: a faixa etária dos cuidadores predomina é entre 36 a 59 anos, o nível educacional é heterogêneo, metade dos cuidadores é dedicado à casa como sua principal ocupação, religião predominante é a católica. 80% de cuidados para a pessoa com doença crónica a partir do momento do diagnóstico. Mais da metade do grupo de participantes apresentaram ausência de sobrecarga com cuidado. Idade, tempo como um cuidador e nível socioeconômico, têm uma associação estatisticamente significativa, porém fraca sobrecarga de cuidados de magnitude. Nenhuma associação significativa entre a escolaridade dos cuidadores encontrados. Conclusões: associações leves magnitude entre idade, nível socioeconômico, o tempo como uma sobrecarga do cuidador e cuidados encontrado; É vital para consolidar um modelo que explica as variáveis que afetam cuidadores sobrecarregar as pessoas com doença crônica no país. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: efeitos psicossociais da doença, cuidadores, doença crônica, as mulheres.

Anglicisms and calques in upper social class in pre-revolutionary Cuba (1930–1959): A sociolinguistic analysis

<p>The geographical proximity and socioeconomic dependence on the United States brought about a deep rooted anglicization of the Cuban Spanish lexis and social strata, especially throughout the Neocolonial period (1902–1959). This study is based on the revision of a renowned newspaper of that time, Diario de la Marina, and the corresponding elaboration of a corpus of English-induced loanwords. Diario de la Marina particularly targeted upper social class, and only crónicas sociales (society pages’ columns) and print advertising were revised because of their fully descriptive texts, which encoded the ruling class ideology and consumerism. The findings show that there existed a high number of lexical and cultural anglicisms in the sociolect in question, and that the sociolinguistic anglicization was openly embraced by the upper socioeconomic stratum, entailing a differentiating sign of sophistication and social stratification. Likewise, a number of the anglicisms collected, particularly those related with social events, are unused in contemporary Cuban Spanish, which suggests a major semantic shifting in this sociolect after 1959.</p>

As I Lay Dying in the Machine Age

The following essay provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between the aesthetic form of Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying and its „sedimented” social context. With its highly modernist and avant-garde qualities, As I Lay Dying stands out as one of Faulkner’s aesthetically most ambitious works. However, the author proposes, relying chiefl y on Adorno’s conceptual framework, a multifarious reappraisal in which the unconventional formal layer of Faulkner’s work manages to dialectically establish a textual independence while simultaneously uncovering the disturbing socioeconomic stratum that not only foregrounds the progressive shift of the New South but also provides a contextual base for As I Lay Dying.