Financial and Labour Obstacles and Firm Employment: Evidence from Europe and Central Asia Firms

This paper examines how obstacles in access to finance, labour regulations, and employment quality affect employment growth and the permanent worker ratio at the firm level. Using firm-level data of 11,691 firms in 33 low-income and middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia, where unemployment rates are the highest worldwide, this paper demonstrates that access to finance and employment quality obstacles hinder employment growth. The paper also shows that the greater the obstacles in access to finance and labour regulations, the lower the permanent worker ratio. The findings are robust when applying a two-stage least-squares method to address endogeneity issues. Furthermore, quantile regression analysis shows that access to finance obstacles impede the lowest-growth firms the most and the highest-growth firms the least. Our results indicate that significant financial and regulatory reforms are needed to spur sustainable employment growth.

RINTISAN PENDIDIKAN HUKUM KETENAGAKERJAAN BERBASIS KOMUNITAS BAGI PEKERJA PEREMPUAN: Studi Di Dusun Mlaten Desa Plintahan Kecamatan Pandaan Kabupaten Pasuruan

<p>Many of industrialists often prefer to use women workers because women are assumed they do not too much claiming about labour rights. Woman is assumed easier arranged and do not many appeal protest. This treatment can damage woman, so often woman is treated unequal, because she assumed do not understand the rights of workers which is arranged in the labor act. Next Fact is the existence of company which do not use permanent worker status but as contract worker, this matter also add the problem to woman, because worker often do not understand about work contract and do not understand about worker protection act as arranged in labor act. Women workers in Mlaten village have been able to make worker community which can made as a place to solve many problems of labor that faced by women workers. The existence of the community is expected to become form of law reinforcement for women workers, so that woman can self-supportingly make the best decision for themselves when face some problems of work contract. Through module book, is expected can become the tool of community to perform program which have been made.</p><p> </p><p>Penggunaan pekerja perempuan seringkali digemari pengusaha karena perempuan dianggap tidak terlalu banyak menuntut hak-hak buruh. Perempuan dianggap lebih mudah diatur dan tidak banyak melakukan protes. Perlakuan ini tentunya dapat merugikan perempuan, sehingga tidak jarang perempuan diperlakukan tidak adil, karena dianggap tidak memahami hak-hak pekerja yang diatur di dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan. Fakta berikutnya adalah, adanya perusahaan yang tidak menggunakan status pekerja tetap namun sebagai pekerja kontrak, hal ini tentunya juga menambah masalah bagi perempuan, karena tidak jarang pekerja tidak memahami kontrak kerja dan tidak memahami perlindungan hukum pekerja sebagaimana diatur di dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan. Pekerja perempuan Dusun Mlaten telah mampu membuat komunitas pekerja perempuan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai wadah penyelesaian persoalan-persoalan ketenagakerjaan yang dihadapi oleh pekerja perempuan. Keberadaan komunitas diharapkan menjadi bentuk penguatan hukum bagi pekerja perempuan, sehingga perempuan mampu secara mandiri membuat sebuah keputusan yang terbaik bagi dirinya ketika dihadapkan pada persoalan-persoalan hubungan kerja. Melalui buku modul, diharapkan mampu menjadi keberlanjutan komunitas untuk melaksanakan program yang sudah dibuat.</p>

Tensions of Colonial Cooperation

This chapter examines the Philippines's authority over labor complaints in Hawaiʻi, with particular emphasis on the position of resident labor commissioner that Filipino U.S. colonials in Hawaiʻi lobbied for and acquired in 1923. It first provides an overview of the U.S. government's Filipinization policy in 1913 before turning to early Philippine labor mediators. It then considers the creation of a permanent worker representative in the islands through the Philippine legislature. It also looks at the appointment of Cayetano Ligot as the first Philippine labor commissioner and the movement launched by Filipinos in Hawaiʻi to remove him from office. It shows that Ligot created more problems than solutions for Filipino laborers in Hawaiʻi, and that the Filipinization of the intra-colonial labor complaint process in the Pacific did not result in improved conditions for the average Filipino. Despite the collaboration between Philippine and Anglo-American leaders, Filipino intra-colonials in Hawaiʻi found ways to express their own desires and free will.