ANTIRELIGIOUS WORK WITH WOMEN IN THE 1920IES AND THE FEMINIZATION PROCESSES IN THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (BASED ON SIBERIAN MATERIALS)

В работе анализируется один из аспектов комплексной послереволюционной советской политики по «раскрепощению женщин» — антирелигиозная работа среди женского населения, которая была теснейшим образом переплетена с общими практиками воинствующего атеизма и антирелигиозной работой среди населения. Однако, по мнению автора, работа с женщинами представляла собой отдельное направление усилий ранних советских культуртрегеров, требующее специального рассмотрения. Борьба с церковью, верой и верующими занимали в общей политике модернизации страны по советскому типу одно из центральных мест, и именно высокий уровень религиозности, главным образом женского населения, представлялся самым большим препятствием на пути построения безбожного нового общества. Если такая работа, как создание институтов материнства и младенчества, женский ликбез, вовлечение женщин в общественную советскую жизнь, несмотря на массовое сопротивление, находили хоть какой-либо отклик среди определенных слоев населения (Васеха, 2015), то проведение кампании по изъятию церковных ценностей, гонения на священнослужителей, попытки подрыва православной аксиологической базы существования русского общества вызывали лишь стойкий негативизм и жесткое противостояние со стороны населения, прежде всего, женского. Изначально советские лидеры недооценивали глубину женской духовной жизни, и считали посещения храмов женщинами даню традиции и формой досуга, которые предполагалось постепенно заменить советскими культурными и социальными мероприятиями. К концу первого десятилетия советской власти стало ясно, что эти методы борьбы не являются сколько-нибудь эффективными, уровень женской вовлеченности в церковную жизнь во время противостояния богоборчеству только возрос и даже породил новые формы участия женщин в деятельности церковных приходов, включая поддержание литургической жизни и массовые явления женского подвижничества. Purpose. The paper analyzes one of the aspects of the comprehensive post-revolutionary Soviet policy for the “emancipation of women” — anti-religious work among the female population, which was closely intertwined with the general practices of militant atheism and anti-religious work among the population. However, in the author's opinion, working with women was a separate line of efforts of early Soviet cultural traders that required special consideration. Results. The struggle against the church, faith and believers occupied one of the central places in the general policy of modernization of the country according to the Soviet type, and it was the high level of religiosity, mainly of the female population, that seemed to be the biggest obstacle on the way of building a godless New society. If such work as the creation of institutions of motherhood and infancy, women's educational program, the involvement of women in Soviet social life, despite massive resistance, found at least any response among certain segments of the population, then a campaign to seize church values, persecution of clergy, attempts to undermine Orthodox axiological basis for the existence of Russian society was caused only by persistent negativism and tough opposition from the population, primarily women. Conclusion. Initially, Soviet leaders underestimated the depth of women's spiritual life, and considered visiting churches as a tribute to tradition and a form of leisure, which were supposed to gradually be replaced by Soviet cultural and social events. By the end of the first decade of Soviet power, it became clear that these methods of struggle were not at all effective, the level of women's involvement in church life during the opposition to theomachy only increased and even gave rise to new forms of women's participation in church parishes, including participation in liturgical life and mass phenomena of female asceticism.

Brown v. Board of Education

On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down as unconstitutional state-mandated racial segregation in public schools, which at the time was policy in seventeen states. Brown v. Board of Education marked the culmination of a decades-long litigation campaign by the NAACP. White-controlled states across the South responded by launching a “massive resistance” campaign of defiance against Brown, which was followed by decades of struggles, inside and outside the courts, to desegregate the nation’s schools. Brown also signaled the new and often controversial direction the Supreme Court would take under leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren—one that read the rights protections of the Constitution more broadly than its predecessors and was more aggressive in using these rights to protect vulnerable minorities. Brown is nearly universally celebrated today, yet the terms of its celebration remain contested. Some see the case as a call for ambitious litigation strategies and judicial boldness, whereas others use it to demonstrate the limited power of the courts to effect social change. Some find in Brown a commitment to a principle of a “colorblind” Constitution, others a commitment to expunging practices that oppress racial minorities (often requiring race-conscious policies). Brown thus remains what it was in 1954: a bold statement of the principle of racial equality whose meaning the nation is still struggling to work out.

ANTIRELIGIOUS WORK WITH WOMEN IN THE 1920S AND THE FEMINIZATION PROCESSES IN THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (BASED ON SIBERIAN MATERIALS)

The paper analyzes one of the aspects of the comprehensive post-revolutionary Soviet policy for the “emancipation of women” - anti-religious work among the female population, which was closely intertwined with the general practices of militant atheism and anti-religious work among the population. However, in the author's opinion, working with women was a separate line of efforts of early Soviet cultural traders that required special consideration. The struggle against the church, faith and believers occupied one of the central places in the general policy of modernization of the country according to the Soviet type, and it was the high level of religiosity, mainly of the female population, that seemed to be the biggest obstacle on the way of building a godless New society. If such work as the creation of institutions of motherhood and infancy, women's educational program, the involvement of women in Soviet social life, despite massive resistance, found at least any response among certain segments of the population, then a campaign to seize church values, persecution of clergy, attempts to undermine Orthodox axiological basis for the existence of Russian society was caused only by persistent negativism and tough opposition from the population, primarily women...