Mundialización y relaciones económicas, 1600-1850

The theme of this paper is based on the relations of political power with economic activities during the first World-System. The begin-ning of such a phenomenon take place at the end of the Sixteenth Century, once the world’s first network was consolidated, and its end, when the English Industrial Revolution and the colonization of the great areas of the planet reached maturity during the first half of the Nineteenth Century. Thus, our contribution will review the solutions that the great economic powers of the moment gave to the spatial dimension of their activities in the period referred to.

INVESTMENT: THE TERM AND CONCEPT

Attracting investment in the real sector of the economy is currently an urgent task for any state. To solve this problem in our country, it is necessary, among other things, to develop transparent investment legislation, including unambiguously defining the concept of investment. The article examines the nature and distinctive features of the term as a special unit of language, as well as the relationship between the term and the concept. Objective: to identify the relationship between the term and the concept of relative in three areas: in General, in linguistics, in law, and directly in relation to investment. To achieve this goal, scientific approaches to this problem are analyzed by linguists and it is concluded that in modern research, the term is understood as a word or phrase denoting the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity. Attention is drawn to the existence of different opinions about the relationship between a legal term and a legal concept, and it is also noted that despite some peculiarities, the General knowledge about terms and concepts obtained and formulated by linguists fully applies to legal concepts and terms. Analyzing the concept of investment, as well as the use of the term investment in current laws and scientific reports, the author concludes that to date, neither regulatory documents nor the scientific community has developed a unified approach to the concept of investment. In conclusion, as one of the directions for understanding investment, we offer a more detailed consideration of investment at the time of its origin and formation, during the English industrial revolution.

PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN DASAR MATEMATIKA DAN BAHASA INGGRIS SEBAGAI UPAYA DALAM MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 5.0

Problems faced by students living in the Al-Kamilah foundation are a lack of ability to speak English and a lack of basic mathematical calculation skills. The service team decided to provide continuous training for 1 month. This continuity needs to be conducted to provide a deeper effect for the trainees so that the trainees can maximize the training material in preparation for facing the challenges of the industrial revolution era 5.0. Moreover, the material will be given by Pamulang university lecturers who are experienced in teaching mathematics and English. In addition, the determination of trainers is also based on the background of each trainer so that the trainer can provide teaching material in a way that is easily understood by the trainees so that the trainees can grasp concepts in mathematics and apply English speaking skills in everyday life. Provision of teaching materials continuously has not given maximum results as the service team expected. As a result, it was decided that training needs to be held longer and in-depth to have a significant influence on the mathematical and English language abilities of students who live in the Al-Kamilah foundation. Keywords:Basic Mathematic; English; Industrial Revolution 5.0

Timing is everything: Evaluating behavioural causal theories of Britain's industrialisation

Baumard's thesis that the English Industrial Revolution can be explained by Life History Theory's predictions for psychological development is a progression of much literature in economic and social history. However, the theory suffers from its reliance on increasingly fragile data indicators for “wealth” and its focus on “innovation” as new research begins to explore sectoral dynamics in long run growth.

Money and modernization in early modern England

Classic accounts of the English industrial revolution present a long period of stagnation followed by a fast take-off. However, recent findings of slow but steady per capita economic growth suggest that this is a historically inaccurate portrait of early modern England. This growth pattern was in part driven by specialization and structural change accompanied by an increase in market participation at both the intensive and extensive levels. These, I argue, were supported by the gradual increase in money supply made possible by the importation of precious metals from America. They enabled a substantial increase in the monetization and liquidity levels of the economy, hence decreasing transaction costs, increasing market thickness, changing the relative incentive for participating in the market and allowing agglomeration economies to arise. By making trade with Asia possible, precious metals also induced demand for new desirable goods, which in turn encouraged market participation. Finally, the increased monetization and market participation made tax collection easier. This helped the government to build up fiscal capacity and as a consequence to provide for public goods. The structural change and increased market participation that ensued paved the way for modernization.

John Banks: an independent and itinerant lecturer of natural and experimental philosophy at the threshold of the English industrial revolution

In eighteenth-century England, courses of natural and experimental philosophy delivered by independent and/or itinerant lecturers, whose textbooks and syllabi were based on Newtonian physics, became the main instruments for spreading and popularizing the idea of applied science. This effectively represented the application of the results of scientific knowledge to the population’s needs and to the production of the material components of life. Thus, the activities of independent and/or itinerant lecturers, with their courses and publications, helped to spread knowledge on the principles of mechanical and experimental science among the men who became protagonists of their country’s transformation into the first industrial power in the world. One among those lecturers was John Banks (1740–1805), who offered courses and specialized knowledge on mechanical physics and machinery to many manufacturers, engineers and mechanics, who stood at the forefront of England’s industrial transformation and was himself one of the main intellectual exponents of this process.

Energy and the English Industrial Revolution

Societies before the Industrial Revolution were dependent on the annual cycle of plant photosynthesis for both heat and mechanical energy. The quantity of energy available each year was therefore limited, and economic growth was necessarily constrained. In the Industrial Revolution, energy usage increased massively and output rose accordingly. The energy source continued to be plant photosynthesis, but accumulated over a geological age in the form of coal. This poses a problem for the future. Fossil fuels are a depleting stock, whereas in pre-industrial time the energy source, though limited, was renewed each year.