Imperative Statements - one of the Forms of Representation of a Linguistic Personality

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the functioning of imperative statements used in various situations of communication. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main imperative constructions in the context of the speech behavior of the linguistic personality of the main character of a literary text. The method of comparative analysis allows identify the features of the functioning of incentive tactics. This article is an overview of the research available in linguistics on issues related to imperativeness. A broad view of the concept of imperative allows to go beyond the established definitions and expand the field of modality of a literary text. The work examines the main semantic groups that clearly characterize the literary character as a linguistic person. The analysis of imperative incentive statements is viewed through the prism of purposeful communicative activity. A variety of means and ways of expressing imperative statements in the speech of the main character provide an opportunity to differentiate semantic nuances. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of the modern Russian novel The Geographer Drank His Globe Away by A. Ivanov, the main classes of expression of the semantics of motivation are analyzed. The study identified imperative and non-imperative, but expressing the urge to action, statements, means of lowering the imperative. The lexico-grammatical and syntactic constructions used in the speech of the main character, most common in pedagogical and everyday discourses, are analyzed. The research results are presented as a functional-semantic space.

Governing Thirdness

Khawaja Sira of Pakistan are a heterogeneous group of marginalized gender nonconforming individuals who defy traditional notions of gender and sexuality. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Lahore, Pakistan, Governing Thirdness provides important insights about the identity, marginalization and governance of the Khawaja Sira as they try to live an unliveable life. Taking a broad view of governance, this book includes a comprehensive analysis of governance of the Khawaja Sira across legal, social and administrative institutions. It also argues that labels like third gender and transgender fails to account for the gender fluid lives and multiple types of individuals who identify as Khawaja Sira, yet these categories, largely imported from the west, are used without much thought to govern this heterogeneous group.

The Concept of ‘Joint’ Intelligence: Its Origins and Enactment, 1900-1942: From London, Toward Wellington

<p>This thesis seeks to begin the conceptualisation of the ‘Joint’ in Intelligence. Through theorising the isolationist tendencies of Intelligence Studies, it will first position itself between foundational and peripheral knowledge bases to enable its claim to originality. From this integrative position, it will identify ‘Joint Intelligence’ as a term that describes a phenomenon in a governmental context. In contrast to existing organisational accounts, it will proceed to address the localised origins of this phenomenon through a specific conceptual lens. By acknowledging the broader system within which Joint Intelligence emerged, this thesis will argue that its immediate origins lie within the extended operationalisation of the Joint concept, denoted by a cascade of Joint institutional forms ending with the Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee (JIC) in 1936. In an effort to grasp the origins of the concept itself, this thesis will first engage in the task of conceptual substantiation. In doing so, it will locate the three ‘paternal elements’ (i.e. centralisation, inter-cooperation, and the committee-forum) that comprise the Joint concept within British constitutional administration. Following the partial enactment of the elements in the 1900-18 period, it will then observe the collective enactment of the elements in the Joint institutions of the 1920s, within which the Joint concept will begin to become formalised. Having established the origins and initial operationalisation of the concept in the foundations, its extension to the peripheral realm of intelligence-related knowledge will be undertaken. Taking a broad view of the inter-war intelligence situation, the paternal elements will be employed to traverse the landscape with a view to the functions of intelligence. This will pave the way for the inter-play between the elements, the functions, and the location within which the Joint concept came to be extended to Intelligence in 1935-38 via the JIC. The localised examination will then conclude with an analysis of the 1939-42 period, where the beginnings of the concept’s manifestation within Intelligence were instigated. Finally, the shift to the Commonwealth context will be undertaken. Starting from the premise that Britain’s ‘Joint Internationalisation’ effort occurred after the war, the respective wartime experiences of three Dominions will be drawn upon to illuminate their responses to London’s post-war plans for ‘Joint’ Intelligence and Defence. By placing the presence and absence of the model JICs in a broader context, it will be revealed that 1942 was a significant year for the Joint concept in each Dominion: for Canada, it was the creation of its own JIC; for Australia, the onset of the MacArthur Coalition; for New Zealand, the decision not to reorientate to the Pacific. Through discussing these developments in an integrative fashion, with attention being placed on Wellington, the Joint Intelligence integration and Defence disintegration in the Commonwealth will be cast in a new light.</p>

The Concept of ‘Joint’ Intelligence: Its Origins and Enactment, 1900-1942: From London, Toward Wellington

<p>This thesis seeks to begin the conceptualisation of the ‘Joint’ in Intelligence. Through theorising the isolationist tendencies of Intelligence Studies, it will first position itself between foundational and peripheral knowledge bases to enable its claim to originality. From this integrative position, it will identify ‘Joint Intelligence’ as a term that describes a phenomenon in a governmental context. In contrast to existing organisational accounts, it will proceed to address the localised origins of this phenomenon through a specific conceptual lens. By acknowledging the broader system within which Joint Intelligence emerged, this thesis will argue that its immediate origins lie within the extended operationalisation of the Joint concept, denoted by a cascade of Joint institutional forms ending with the Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee (JIC) in 1936. In an effort to grasp the origins of the concept itself, this thesis will first engage in the task of conceptual substantiation. In doing so, it will locate the three ‘paternal elements’ (i.e. centralisation, inter-cooperation, and the committee-forum) that comprise the Joint concept within British constitutional administration. Following the partial enactment of the elements in the 1900-18 period, it will then observe the collective enactment of the elements in the Joint institutions of the 1920s, within which the Joint concept will begin to become formalised. Having established the origins and initial operationalisation of the concept in the foundations, its extension to the peripheral realm of intelligence-related knowledge will be undertaken. Taking a broad view of the inter-war intelligence situation, the paternal elements will be employed to traverse the landscape with a view to the functions of intelligence. This will pave the way for the inter-play between the elements, the functions, and the location within which the Joint concept came to be extended to Intelligence in 1935-38 via the JIC. The localised examination will then conclude with an analysis of the 1939-42 period, where the beginnings of the concept’s manifestation within Intelligence were instigated. Finally, the shift to the Commonwealth context will be undertaken. Starting from the premise that Britain’s ‘Joint Internationalisation’ effort occurred after the war, the respective wartime experiences of three Dominions will be drawn upon to illuminate their responses to London’s post-war plans for ‘Joint’ Intelligence and Defence. By placing the presence and absence of the model JICs in a broader context, it will be revealed that 1942 was a significant year for the Joint concept in each Dominion: for Canada, it was the creation of its own JIC; for Australia, the onset of the MacArthur Coalition; for New Zealand, the decision not to reorientate to the Pacific. Through discussing these developments in an integrative fashion, with attention being placed on Wellington, the Joint Intelligence integration and Defence disintegration in the Commonwealth will be cast in a new light.</p>

Using an Incremental Testing Strategy to Improve Students’ Perception of Software Quality

Teaching software testing should include a broad view of the main techniques, criteria, and tools. In general, students have few opportunities to test their code-projects suitably during the undergraduate course and, therefore, teaching software testing in practice is crucial to students recognize the advantages and limitations of different testing techniques. This paper reports the experience of teaching software testing in practice, with students applying an incremental testing strategy to validate their software projects. Students selected a software project developed during their undergraduate and an incremental testing strategy, including testing criteria learned in the class. The students should choose the testing techniques, apply them and write a report with the results and perceptions. Through this experience, it was possible to show to the students, in practice, the importance of combining more than one technique during the software testing activity.

CEO Turnovers: Transparency of Announcements and the Outperformance Puzzle

This study investigates market reactions to announcements of CEO turnover and finds that forced turnovers are not accompanied by positive returns, which contradicts the broad view that firing a CEO sends a positive signal to the market. This contradiction is further explored by focusing on the nature of not only turnover but also a firm’s past performance. This study finds that the market seems to incorporate both types of information in reacting to CEO turnover announcements. Firing an underperforming CEO is viewed as a positive signal, whereas firing an outperforming CEO is viewed as a negative signal. Rather than taking early action against CEOs for a deterioration in their performance, firms appear to be firing outperforming CEOs owing to their apparent nonperformance-related reasons. This study also explores reasons behind the decision to fire a CEO from different news databases and finds that giving no clear reasons for a CEO’s departure increases uncertainty in the market, thereby causing a negative market reaction. However, stating performance as the reason for the departure assures investors about the future trajectory of the firm and results in a positive market reaction.

Diversifying multilingualism: Languages and lects in Amazonia

Purpose: This paper argues for an ethnographically grounded approach to the study of linguistic diversity and multilingualism, taking local ideologies as a starting point for understanding how language varieties emerge and are maintained. It encourages a broad view of multilingualism that includes registers, lects, and other ways in which linguistic and social difference may be aligned and negotiated. Approach: Taking indigenous Amazonia as a case study, we survey evidence for linguistic variants associated with social distinctions that cross-cut many of the divisions conventionally associated with distinct languages, and consider relevant cultural ideologies. Data and Analysis: A range of varieties are considered, including genderlects, whereby men and women use markedly different linguistic forms; variants associated with descent groups and affinal relations; special pet and hunting registers; and shamanic language. Conclusions: Amazonia exhibits a wide range of lects and registers alongside its diversity of languages. These variants are implicated in multilingual practices across the region, and their existence and use are arguably informed by the same ideological framework as that which guides the use of discrete languages. The Amazonian case underscores the importance of casting the net wide in the investigation of small-scale multilingual contexts more generally. Originality: Studies of multilingualism have tended to focus primarily on interactions involving discrete languages, that is, the standard targets of grammars and dictionaries. This contribution brings these other varieties into the conversation, and emphasizes an emic, culturally articulated view of multilingual practice. Significance/Implications: This article illustrates the importance of a broad, ethnographically grounded perspective in the study of small-scale multilingualism, and encourages approaches that consider a range of linguistic variants.

Equity for excellence in academic institutions: a manifesto for change

Higher academic institutions in the UK need to drive improvements in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) through sustainable practical interventions. A broad view of inclusivity is based on an intersectional approach that considers race, geographical location, caring responsibilities, disability, neurodiversity, religion, and LGBTQIA+ identities. We describe the establishment of a diverse stakeholder group to develop practical grass-roots recommendations through which improvements can be advanced. We have developed a manifesto for change, comprising six domains through which academic institutions can drive progress through setting short, medium, and long-term priorities. Interventions will yield rewards in recruitment and retention of a diverse talent pool, leading to enhanced impact and output.