Thanks, but No Thanks: Unpacking the Relationship Between Relative Power and Gratitude

Power and gratitude are universal features of social life and impact a wide range of intra- and interpersonal outcomes. Drawing on the social distance theory of power, we report four studies that examine how relative power influences feelings and expressions of gratitude. An archival analysis of author acknowledgements in published academic articles ( N = 1,272) revealed that low-power authors expressed more gratitude than high-power authors. A pre-registered experiment ( N = 283) involving live conversations online found that having relatively low power caused increased feelings and expressions of gratitude after benefiting from a favor. Another pre-registered experiment ( N = 356) demonstrated that increased interpersonal orientation among lower power individuals and increased psychological entitlement among higher power individuals drove these effects. Finally, an archival analysis of conversational exchanges ( N = 136,215) among Wikipedia editors revealed that relational history moderated the effect of relative power on gratitude expression. Overall, our findings highlight when and why relative power influences feelings and expressions of gratitude.

Becoming a Leader: Emergence of Leadership Style and Identity

This conceptual paper presents a model for understanding how new leaders’ styles of leadership emerge and self-identity changes. New leaders’ interpersonal orientation, power motivation, and regulatory focus along with organizational expectations are predicted to influence their beliefs about how to exert power and their motivation to lead (MTL). New leaders’ power beliefs, MTL, and perceptions of situational needs affect their engaging in transactional and transformational behaviors. This is the emergence of leadership style and the development of identity as a leader. Over time, new leaders’ behaviors, outcomes, and identity formation alter their power beliefs and MTL. This model suggests directions for human resource development research and practice supporting new leader development and building a culture of leadership consistent with the organization’s expectations.

The Relationship between Social Comparison, Depression, and Interpersonal Orientation among Normal, Gifted, and Disabled Female Students in Makkah Secondary Schools

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among normal, gifted and disabled female students in Makkah secondary schools. The study tools consisted of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM), the translated version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the Interpersonal Orientation Scale. The study participants comprised 185 secondary female students: 109 normal students, 46 gifted students, and 30 students with special needs. The results showed a non-significant negative correlation between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among gifted students, while there was a significant correlation between depression and social comparison among normal students. No significant correlation was found between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among students with disabilities. The results found a significant correlation between social comparison and depression among the three groups in favor of gifted students.

Integrative/ distributive negotiations in Latin America: latent class analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the universality of the behavioral theory of negotiation developed in the United States, particularly the integrative/distributive models, and to find negotiators' prototypes in international negotiations conducted in a Latin American country.Design/methodology/approachAn open questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 104 resident foreigners (expatriates) who reported the negotiation patterns of Costa Ricans. The qualitative data were coded in 52 variables (inte-rater reliability Fleiss' Kappa K= 0.65). A total of ten variables were selected to measure distributive/integrative patterns of negotiations. Latent class analysis (LCA) uncovered the latent structure of negotiations.Findings(1) The distributive (70% found in the sample) and integrative (30%) negotiation models hold in this culture. (2) The incorporation of handling emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative model seem to be an important theoretical and practical trend.Research limitations/implications(1) A larger sample size is needed to compare with data from other countries of the region and the world. (2) The use of emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative negotiation paradigm require further investigation. As practical implications, detailed negotiation advice is offered to Costa Ricans as well as to expatriates working there.Originality/valueTo identify negotiation patterns in an understudied region of the world, the distributive/integrative models of the behavioral theory of negotiations are a key focus with which to extend the literature. There are important elements of culture within the negotiation patterns, in line with trends of an evolving paradigm of integrative crosscultural negotiations.

Correlation between optimism-pessimism in adolescents

The paper strives to indicate the constructs that are conducive to the development of optimism-pessimism in adolescents, by presenting the research on optimism-pessimism conducted on a sample of adolescents from Kosovo and Metohija. After an insight into the findings of the research presented (which were conducted from 2017 to 2019) on the sample of more than 700 adolescents aged between 18 and 29, it was found that the correlation of optimism comprises the following: adolescents' personality traits, interpersonal orientation, experience of beauty of the human face, hope, satisfaction with life and well-being. Conclusions drawn from the research will enable the conception and organization of further research. Involving other variables, such as the context of upbringing, family relations, relationship with peers, in research to be conducted in the future is necessary for the examination of their contribution to the development of optimism-pessimism, bearing in mind the major significance optimism has for adolescents' mental health.

Ethical Leadership in India

The chapter offers a review of research and theory on ethical leadership in India, attempting a confluence between leadership theories developed in the West and the traditional Indian wisdom. Gunas, as described in the Bhagavad Gita, present an account of ethical/moral traits of a leader. Given the debate over the assumed ethicality of transformational leadership, wherein a leader could exercise influence for personal benefits as well, this approach provides a very limited view of ethical leadership. The idea of Karma and its distinct focus on duty and detachment from rewards provides a basis for ethical leadership. Gunas and the key tenets of Karma are used to identify a two-dimensional conceptualization of ethical leadership, where the former focusses on ethical person (aspect of leadership) and the latter on the ethical manager (given its interpersonal orientation). This approach to leadership brings ethical concerns to the centre stage in managing work behaviour.