Challenges in Estuarine and Coastal Science

Estuarine and coastal waters are acknowledged centres for anthropogenic impacts. Superimposed on the complex natural interactions between land, rivers and sea are the myriad consequences of human activity – a spectrum ranging from locally polluting effluents to some of the severest consequences of global climate change. For practitioners, academics and students in the field of coastal science and policy, this book examines and exemplifies current and future challenges: from upper estuaries to open coasts and adjacent seas; from tropical to temperate latitudes; from Europe to Australia. This authoritative volume marks the 50th anniversary of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, and contains a prologue by founding member Professor Richard Barnes and a short history of the Association. Individual chapters then address coastal erosion and deposition; open shores to estuaries and deltas; marine plastics; coastal squeeze and habitat loss; tidal freshwaters – saline incursion and estuarine squeeze; restoration management using remote data collection; carbon storage; species distribution and non-natives; shorebirds; Modelling environmental change; physical processes such as sediments and modelling; sea level rise and estuarine tidal dynamics; estuaries as fish nurseries; policy versus reality in coastal conservation; developments in Estuarine, coastal and marine management.

Mosquito Communities Vary across Landscape and Vertical Strata in Indian River County, Florida

Mosquito and arbovirus surveillance is essential to the protection of public health. A majority of surveys are undertaken at ground level. However, mosquitoes shelter, breed, and quest for hosts across vertical strata, thus limiting our ability to fully describe mosquito and arboviral communities. To elucidate patterns of mosquito vertical stratification, canopy traps were constructed to sample mosquitoes at heights of 1.5, 5.0, and 8.7 m across three different landscape types in a Florida coastal conservation area. We assessed trapping efforts using individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation. The effects of height, landscape, site location, and sampling date on mosquito community composition were parsed out using permutational ANOVA on a Hellinger-transformed Bray–Curtis dissimilarity abundance matrix. Lastly, a generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM) was used to explore species-specific vertical patterns. We observed differences in sampling effort and community composition structure across various heights and landscapes. Our GLMM revealed significant effects of trap height for Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex coronator, but not for Culex nigripalpus, the ultra-dominant species present in this area. Together these data provide evidence that height and landscape significantly affect mosquito community structures and highlight a need to develop sampling regimes to target specific vector and nuisance species at their preferred height and across different landscape types.

KAJIAN PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI PENGINDRAAN JAUH DI WILAYAH PESISIR KECAMATAN SINJAI TIMUR, KABUPATEN SINJAI

Coastal is the meeting area between land and sea. This study aimed to (1) calculate how much shoreline change in East Sinjai Sub-district (2) analyze the factors that influence changes in the coastline in East Sinjai District (3) formulate strategic directions for shoreline change management in East Sinjai Sub-district. Citra data processing method used Er-Mappaer and Arcgis, and management strategy direction used SWOT analysis. The results of citra interpretation showed that the shoreline change in abrasion was 9.73 Ha and accretion was 20.39 Ha. The factors that caused the changes in the coastline included waves, currents, tides and conditions of the coastal ecosystem in East Sinjai Sub-district. In the coastal management analysis, there were 4 management strategies; determined coastal conservation areas as a measure to control abrasion and sedimentation, developed strategies that referred to ICM (integrated Coastal Management), improved the quality and awareness of human resources on coastal environmental management and law enforcement and institutional strengthening in coastal management. The use of high-resolution citra required further research by adding parameters such as the type of substrate and sedimentation rate. For the government of Sinjai District to conduct a study on mitigation of coastal abrasion and sedimentation disasters.

Projected increase of Arctic coastal erosion and its sensitivity to warming in the 21st Century

Arctic coastal erosion damages infrastructure, threatens coastal communities, and releases organic carbon from permafrost. However, the magnitude, timing and sensitivity of coastal erosion increase to global warming remain unknown. Here, we project the Arctic-mean erosion rate to roughly double by 2100 and very likely exceed its historical range of variability by mid-21st century. The sensitivity of erosion to warming also doubles, reaching 0.4-0.5 m year-1 oC-1 and 2.3-2.8 TgC year-1 oC-1 by the end of the century under moderate and high-emission scenarios. Our first 21st-century pan-Arctic coastal erosion rate projections should inform policy makers on coastal conservation and socioeconomic planning. Our organic carbon flux projections also lay out the path for future work to investigate the impact of Arctic coastal erosion on the changing Arctic Ocean, on its role as a global carbon sink, and on the permafrost-carbon feedback.

New Beach Landscapes to Promote Social Distancing and Coastal Conservation during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that has altered practically all human activities worldwide. Since the pandemic started at the beginning of 2020, infections have fluctuated drastically over time. It is difficult to predict how this situation will evolve in the coming months/years or when a return to some semblance of 'normal' activity might occur. Because of global lock-up and distancing measures, the beaches, otherwise filled with tourists, first emptied and then had a reduced density of visitors owing to a wide variety of social-distancing measures. Therefore, new safety protocols need to include a wide range of aspects, such as epidemiological conditions, socioeconomic realities, and ecological contexts in which the pandemic occurs. Here, we propose new nature-based landscapes for sandy beaches to help maintain the social distancing of beach visitors while beaches and dunes are restored. When sufficient sediment is available, the maintenance and restoration of healthy beaches with incipient dunes and vegetation will help reduce contagion, promote human health, and recover natural ecosystems.

Sustainable coastal tourism-an overview

An elementary theory of sustainable coastal tourism mainly depends on the crystal clear water, healthy ecosystem, and well preserved coastal environment. Coastal tourism has drawn worldwide attention and has become extremely competitive as everybody tries to increase their profit in terms of beach visitors, both domestic and international [Joseph, and Pakkeerappa,2015]. Usually, any coastal area growth is always looked at from a business perspective, while the environmental aspect is mostly neglected. This strategy leads towards impractical beachfront development, which has different negative ramifications, on the climate and society. It is uneconomical as it destroys the actual ecological structures, such as the beach scenery, the biodiversity, and the biological system in the ocean and on the land. Also the travel industry exercise at the seaside territory destroys the beach. This study summarizes environmental impacts of coastal Tourism and the sustainable options to make it eco-friendly. The sustainable solutions were suggested for better coastal conservation. Also the study points out the future crisis pertaining to the latest Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 2020 by the government of India. Keywords—Coastal, Sustainable, tour, biodiversity, CRZ, EIA

POLA RUANG DAN STRATEGI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN BUDIDAYA DI PERAIRAN TELUK KOTANIA, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT, PROVINSI MALUKU

Kotania Bay, West Seram Regency can be clarified as one of the unique bays because it has five smallest islands, which has the important potential coastal ecosystem resources. This bay’s status also has been assigned as a Coastal Conservation Area and Small Islands. These purposes of this research are 1) to know the sub-zone potential cultivation in Kotania Bay, and 2) to analyze and formulate the marine cultivation management strategy in Kotania Bay. The method of data collection used by the researcher are interviews and direct field observations. The data analysis used land suitability index to determine the potential cultivation space (seaweed, sea cucumbers, mangrove crabs and groupers), while the DPSIR is used to produce the marine culture management strategy in Kotania Bay. The potential marine cultivation in Kotania Bay is divided into three sub-zones cultivation with the total area 361,69 ha. The result of the research showed that the suitability of seaweed cultivation land obtained an S1 value of 66% (237.43 ha) and an S2 value of 34% (124.26 ha). The land suitability of the sea cucumber cultivation obtained an S1 value of 94% (340.65 ha) and an S2 value of 6% (21.04 ha). The suitability of cultivated land designated for mangrove crabs, especially the species of Scylla serrata, was obtained very suitable values ​​up to 100%. The cultivation activity for grouper fish obtained an S1 value of 93% (338.06 ha), while for an S2 value of 7% (23.63 ha). There are 11 recommended strategies for the management and development of marine cultivation activities in Kotania Bay. ABSTRAK Teluk Kotania Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai salah satu teluk yang unik karena memiliki lima pulau sangat kecil, serta memiliki potensi sumberdaya eksoistem pesisir penting. Teluk ini pun telah ditetapkan status sebagai Kawasan Konservasi Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (KKP3K). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui potensi ruang sub-zona budidaya di Teluk Kotania, dan 2) menganalisis dan menformulasikan strategi pengelolaan budidaya laut di Teluk Kotania. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan observasi langsung di lapangan.Analisa data menggunakan indeks kesesuaian lahan untuk mengetahui potensi ruang budidaya (rumput laut, teripang, kepiting bakau dan ikan kerapu), sedangkan DPSIR digunakan untuk menghasilkan strategi pengelolaan budidaya laut di Teluk Kotania. Potensi wilayah budidaya laut di Teluk Kotania dibagi menjadi tiga sub zona budidaya dengan total luas 361,69 ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesesuaian lahan budidaya rumput laut diperoleh nilai S1 sebesar 66% (237,43 ha) dan nilai S2 sebesar 34% (124,26 ha). Kesesuaian lahan untuk budidaya teripang diperoleh nilai S1 sebesar 94% (340,65 ha) dan nilai S2 sebesar 6% (21,04 ha). Kesesuaian lahan budidaya yang diperuntukkan untuk kepiting bakau terutama spesies Scylla serrata diperoleh nilai sangat sesuai hingga 100%. Kegiatan budidaya untuk ikan kerapu diperoleh nilai S1 sebesar 93% (338,06 ha), sedangkan untuk nilai S2 sebesar 7% (23,63 ha).Terdapat 11 strategi yang direkomendasikan untuk pengelolan serta pengembangan kegiatan budidaya laut di Teluk Kotania. Kata Kunci: Budidaya, indeks kesesuaian, rumput laut, teripang, Teluk Kotania