LOSS DAN GAIN PADA TERJEMAHAN BUKU HUKUM THE CONCEPT OF LAW KARYA H. L. A HART KE DALAM VERSI BAHASA INDONESIA “KONSEP HUKUM”

<p>This research aims to: (1) identify what is omitted (Loss) and what is<br /> added (Gain), (2) discover the causes of Loss and Gain, (3) determine the level of accuracy, (4) determine the level of acceptability, (5) determine the level of readability of translation in the legal book <em>The Concept of Law</em>.</p><p>This research employs a descriptive qualitative research with an embedded case study and it is oriented to the translation product. The source of data consists of documents selected with purposive sampling technique and the discussion results with the informant. The documents refer to a legal book <em>The Concept of Law </em>and its translated book. The informants are experts of law study field who understand English grammar and Indonesia. The research data comprises of: (1) forms of Loss and Gain in translation of legal book <em>The Concept of Law, </em>(2) causes of Loss and Gain, (3) results of discussion with the informant regarding legal text and the quality of the translated text. The techniques of collecting data involved document analysis, questionnaires, and focus group discussion. The research data were analyzed using ethnographic analysis by Spradley (1980) which consists of domain, taxonomic, componential, and cultural themes analysis.</p><p>The findings show that: (1) there are Loss and Gain which occur separately as well as simultaneously in the forms of certain linguistics unit, namely lexical unit, phrase unit, clause unit, and sentence unit, (2) there are four causes of Loss and Gain in translation of legal book <em>The Concept of Law, </em>namely Loss and Gain by the translator himself, knowledge of specific subject/legal jargon, untranslatability, and the use of Latin language, (3) the effects of applying translation techniques Loss and Gain to the translation of legal text towards the quality of its translation show the high level in accuracy, acceptability, and readability level.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: translation technique, loss, gain, translation quality, legal translation, <em>The Concept of Law.</em></p>

High School Students’ Topic Preferences and Oral Development in an English-only Short-term Intensive Language Program

<p>Developing the ability to speak English is a daunting task that has long been omitted in a test-driven pedagogy context (Chang, 2011; Li, 2012a, 2012b; Chen &amp; Tsai, 2012; Katchen, 1989, 1995). Since speaking is not tested for school admissions, most students are not motivated to learn it (Chang, 2011; Chen &amp; Tsai, 2012). Now, globalization makes English Lingua Franca; speaking English is definitely bound to be one key capability to connect oneself with the world (Graddol, 2007). Thus, teachers strive to help learenrs learn English by selecting appropriate and interesting topics to motivate them to learn more effectively (Dörnyei &amp; Csizér, 1998; Spratt, Pulverness &amp; Williams, 2011), especially in speaking. However, with only one internationally published research on Taiwanese college students’ topics preference (Chen, 2012) and none on high school students, selecting appropriate topics seems challenging. Consequently, this study intended to investigate the potential topics that motivated learners to practice speaking and their oral performance. The results show that learners preferred topics related to their daily life and their speaking improved in terms of speech unit, clause unit, and words uttered.</p>

A NEW UPPER BOUND FOR RANDOM (2 + p)-SAT BY FLIPPING TWO VARIABLES

The random (2 + p)-SAT model has been proposed [18] to study the possible relation between the “order” of phase transitions and computational complexity. It was also claimed that there exists pc > 0, such that for p < pc the random (2 + p)-SAT instance behaves like 2-SAT. Later, Achlioptas et al. [3] obtained the first rigorous results that 0.4 ≤ pc ≤ 0.695, the methods they use are the first moment method and the simple Unit-Clause algorithm. In this paper, we try to optimize the local maximality condition of the truth assignments when implementing the first moment method. We prove that the phase transition point of clauses-to-variables ratio r (dependent on p) can be improved. Moreover, we show that the upper bound of pc can be reduced to 0.6846. This fact implies that, for a constant λ < 1, a random (2 + p)-SAT formula with λn 2-clauses and 2.17n 3-clauses is almost surely unsatisfiable.

Clause-Learning Algorithms with Many Restarts and Bounded-Width Resolution

We offer a new understanding of some aspects of practical SAT-solvers that are based on DPLL with unit-clause propagation, clause-learning, and restarts. We do so by analyzing a concrete algorithm which we claim is faithful to what practical solvers do. In particular, before making any new decision or restart, the solver repeatedly applies the unit-resolution rule until saturation, and leaves no component to the mercy of non-determinism except for some internal randomness. We prove the perhaps surprising fact that, although the solver is not explicitly designed for it, with high probability it ends up behaving as width-k resolution after no more than O(n^{2k+2}) conflicts and restarts, where n is the number of variables. In other words, width-k resolution can be thought of as O(n^{2k+2}) restarts of the unit-resolution rule with learning.

Effects of end distance and thickness on the tensile resistance of 102 mm shear plates

In this paper, an experimental study of the behavior of 102 mm shear plates subjected to tensile load is presented. The design requirements for shear plate connectors specified in the last three editions of the Canadian wood design standards (1980, 1984, and 1989) are also reviewed and compared with the experimental results. In the experimental study, 83 specimens were tested with shear plate end distances of 80, 145, 210, and 275 mm. Specimens were either 64 or 89 mm thick. Results for all tests were analyzed and 5th percentile resistance values were obtained for each end distance value, assuming a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Results show that connections using 102 mm shear plate connectors behave in a brittle manner when loaded in tension. It is also shown that the member thickness affects the tensile resistance of shear plates in thin members with small connector end distances and that it appears to impose a limit on the resistance for thin members with large connector end distances. Finally, it is shown that the 75% minimum limit on a member net area adjacent to a connector unit (clause 4.3.7.2 of O86.1-M89) is conservative for members with small connector end distances. Key words: wood, shear plate, end distance, resistance, thickness.