Szemészeti tünetek és szemészeti társbetegségek monoklonális gammopathiával járó kórképekben

Összefoglaló. Célkitűzés: A monoklonális fehérjetermeléssel járó haematológiai kórképek szemészeti tüneteinek és szemészeti társbetegségeinek összefoglalása irodalmi adatok alapján. Módszer: A Pubmedben rendelkezésre álló adatok kigyűjtése, elemzése és összefoglalása. Eredmények: Immunglobulin-lerakódás a szem szövetei közül leggyakrabban a szaruhártyában figyelhető meg (paraproteinaemiás vagy immuntaktoid keratopathia). A monoklonális fehérjeszaporulattal járó plazmasejtes betegség gyakoribb szemészeti jelei pedig a paraproteinaemiás keratopathia mellett a kristályhordozó histiocytosis (CSH), a hypercupremiás keratopathia, a foveolaris drusen/maculopathia és az orbitalis plasmocytoma. A ritkább szemészeti jelek/tünetek közé az akut/krónikus uveitis, a Doyne retina dystrophia és az arteria vagy vena centralis retinae elzáródása tartoznak. Szemészeti mellékhatás szisztémás szteroidok és a belantamab mafotidin alkalmazásakor jelentkeznek. Következtetések: A monoklonális gammopathiával járó kórképek sokszínű szemészeti panaszokkal jelentkezhetnek a klinikai gyakorlatban, aminek felismerése a megfelelő kivizsgálás elindításával a szemész feladata. A betegek kezelése és gondozása során a haematológusok és szemészek együttműködése a számos ismert szemészeti tünet és társbetegség miatt elengedhetetlen. A megfelelő szemészeti kezeléssel a látóélesség és ezáltal a betegek életminősége jelentősen javítható. Summary. Purpose: To summarize ocular symptoms and ocular comorbidities of monoclonal gammopathy, based on literature data. Methods: A comprehensive Pubmed search has been performed to summarize ocular symptoms and comorbidities before January 2021. Results: Immunglobulin deposition was most commonly observed in the corneal tissue (paraproteinaemic or immuntactoid keratopathy). Beside paraproteinaemic keratopathy, the most common ocular signs and ocular comorbidities of plasma cell disorders with monoclonal gammopathy are crystal-storage histiocytosis (CSH), hypercupremic keratopathy, foveolar drusen/maculopathy and orbital plasmocytoma. Less common ocular signs are acute/chronic uveitis, Doyne retinal dystrophy, central retinal artery or vein occlusion. Ophthalmic side effects are expected following the use of systemic steroids or belantamab mafotidin. Conclusions: Monoclonal gammopathy may present with diverse ocular symptoms in the clinical practice, which should be examined and treated through an ophthalmologist. Therefore, collaboration of haematologists and ophthalmologists is essential for these patients. With appropriate ophthalmic treatment, there is a significant improvement of best corrected visual acuity of these patients, with a significant impact on their quality of life.

Case Report: Successful Management of Refractory Keratomycosis in an Alpaca Using Penetrating Keratoplasty and Combination Antifungal Therapy (Caspofungin 0.5% and Terbinafine 1%)

Fungal keratitis is a common disease in certain parts of the world and affects several species, including equids, camelids, and homo sapiens, leading to blindness or loss of the eye if the infection is not adequately controlled. Reports of clinical use of antifungals caspofungin and terbinafine are limited across both veterinary and human medical literature. The alpaca presented in this case demonstrates that deep keratomycosis can be caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Fusarium verticillioides, two previously unreported fungi to cause keratomycosis in camelids. This report demonstrates successful management with a combination of surgery and topical ophthalmic treatment with caspofungin 0.5% solution and terbinafine 1% dermatologic cream, after initially failing treatment with topical voriconazole 1% solution. Combination therapy appears more effective than monotherapy with some fungal organisms, and synergy between antifungal agents is thought to play a role in the success of combination therapy. Surgery to remove the bulk of the fungal infection is especially helpful in cases that fail initial medical therapy.

Ocular side effects of target therapy and immunotherapy in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma

Purpose: To examine the nature and frequency of ocular side effects due to systemic target therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors as well as immunotherapy with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Design: While proven effective in cancer treatment, target therapy and immunotherapy have been associated with ocular side effects likely due to their ability to alter the immune privilege of the eye. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing target and immunotherapy for CMM and documented all associated eye findings. Methods: We reviewed the records of 34 patients receiving target and immunotherapy for CMM who were examined in the academic ophthalmology clinic between 2012 and 2017. Results: Ocular side effects were present in 41.1% of patients in this study with 14.7% presenting with uveitis. Patients undergoing therapy with either vemurafenib only or dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapies comprised 70.5% of the study cohort. Ocular side effects occurred in 45.5% and 46.1% of patients on vemurafenib and dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapy, respectively. About 47.5% of males presented with ocular side effects compared to 30.5% of females. Notably, 13/14 patients with ocular symptoms recovered. Conclusion: This study highlights the frequency of ocular side effects in patients treated with target therapy and immunotherapy for CMM and shows that symptom resolution can be effectively achieved with proper ophthalmic care. Further research is required to answer whether cessation of these therapies is mandatory during ophthalmic treatment.

Ophthalmic treatment of diabetic retinopathy

The ophthalmic treatment of diabetic retinopathy is aimed at preserving vision and requires an interdisciplinary approach. The main treatments used for proliferative retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy include laser photocoagulation, intra-vitreal, and peri-ocular drug injections, or a combination of both. In advanced cases of diabetic retinopathy (DR), vitrectomy and retinal surgery may help preserve vision. Cataract surgery in diabetic patients is extremely successful, but overall these patients are usually considered to be at risk of more complications than the general population. Those patients with pre-existing DR at the time of surgery should be regarded as a high risk group and will require careful pre-operative assessment and post-operative review. In this group, intervention with laser photocoagulation and intra-vitreal pharmacotherapy may be necessary.

The Elaboration of Treatment and Rehabilitation Complex Myopia Methods and a Study of Its Efficiency for Children Aged 10–11

Topicality. For the treatment of childhood myopia, a large number of methods have been proposed, among them physical rehabilitation techniques and pathogenically justified methods. In practice, in order to improve the effectiveness of treatment, there is a need to systematize their use. To solve this problem, the conditions of health resort treatment are most preferable. The purpose of the research is to develop a complex of treatment and rehabilitation methods and study their effectiveness for myopia of children aged 10-11. Research methods. The study involved 68 children that were treated at a pediatric health resort. Thus, two peer study groups were formed. In the control group, children received routine ophthalmic treatment. In the treatment group, according to the myopia pathogenesis specifics, step therapy was suggested, which was supplemented by exercises to strengthen extraocular muscles compared to the treatment in the control group. At the beginning and at the end of treatment, the children received an ophthalmological observation and assessment of their physical condition. Statistical processing of the obtained digital values was performed using Student's t-test. Results. During health resort treatment, three stages according to the pathogenetic chains of myopia development were distinguished and taking into account generally accepted motor regimens in the conditions of health resort treatment: sparing treatment, health improving training and active training, which were complemented by exercises aimed at extraocular muscles strengthening. The use of the proposed complex of treatment and rehabilitation methods allowed increasing the treatment by 32%. Conclusions. The weakening of children`s physical well-being and promotion their eye strain is the reason for the increase in number of children with myopia, that requires rehabilitation measures improvement for myopia. Elaboration of the complex therapeutic and rehabilitation methods, taking into account the peculiarities of etiology and pathogenesis is one of the trends of rehabilitation therapy improvement for myopia. The proposed approach of step therapy of myopia and gradual increase of physical activity after the relaxation stage allowed to improve the children`s physical training and promote the effectiveness of myopia treatment by 32%. On completion of the health resort treatment course, the child should receive recommendations for further rehabilitation activities.

Case Reports for Topical Treatment of Corneal Ulcers with a New Matrix Therapy Agent or RGTA® in Dogs

Superficial corneal ulcers that fail to heal within a normal time period and are refractory to conventional therapy in dogs are common in veterinary practice. Different etiologies can lead to this result, including spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) and ulcerative keratitis associated with bullous keratopathy. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic approaches such as matrix therapy replacement. To determine the efficacy of a new ophthalmic treatment (Clerapliq®) for SCCEDs and ulcerative keratitis associated with bullous keratopathy, a total of 11 dogs referred to the clinic because of nonhealing erosive ulcers after a classic primary treatment were enrolled to get this new treatment. Dogs underwent ophthalmic exams and 7 dogs (10 eyes) were diagnosed with superficial ulceration and 4 dogs (5 eyes) with bullous keratopathy due to endothelial dystrophy/degeneration. They received eye drops of Clerapliq® every 3 days until recovery. The results showed that the corneas with recurrences of the ulcers were resolved predominantly by using Clerapliq® every 3 days in 83.3% of the cases during a period of treatment ranging between 6 to 35 days. Therefore, this new approach using matrix therapy regenerating technology in treating superficial ulcers and bullous keratopathy in dogs can be successfully considered as an adjunctive therapy.