Pieces and Parts

<p>Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a contemporary engineered wood product and its use is growing within the construction industry. CLT is a readily available structural timber product and with the development of CNC (Computer Numerical Control), customisable panels can be fabricated off-site. There is, however, a gap to create both a system, which is all-inclusive of the exterior cladding system with the structural CLT panel. The research fills this gap, with the design of custom joinery between CLT panels and the cladding. The design of the vertical metal joints aim at creating a prefabricated envelope system that responds to any design, due to working with any cladding option. The holistic system also investigated an efficient approach with the connection between CLT wall and floor panels. The horizontal base and top connection between the wall and floor panels aimed at utilising modern techniques, whilst applying a high level of prefabrication. The designed prefabricated vertical and horizontal joints allow for a savings in time within the construction stage as the system is fabricated off-site, delivered to the site, and therefore erected quickly. The ease of on-site assembly is dependent on the off-site production. Fabricating the system off-site within a controlled environment is cost effective and is fabricated regardless of weather. Due to the efficient assembly of parts on-site, this reduces the need for on-site scaffolding. The new design system includes structural CLT panels, insulation, waterproofing, the custom designed joints, and the exterior cladding. This ensures that when it is brought to site, minimum amount of construction is needed. Developing this all-inclusive system ensures ease of construction, also in locations that are hard or dangerous to reach. This specifically includes infill sites, but is also not limited to this. Construction on sites harder to access (beach fronts, hills) can also be considered due to the system being fabricated off-site, resulting in an easier build, therefore not deterring people away from specific sites. The holistic system examines off-site production methods and on-site assembly. The development of the off-site fabricated CLT panel that is inclusive of a weather-sealed cladding ensures that the on-site assembly is minimised. Developing the vertical joinery system for the cladding, and the horizontal connection for the panels, ensures that system can be constructed without the use of scaffolding, minimising the need to access the exterior. With the increase of CLT buildings, and prefabrication being an efficient way of building, the development of this system could provide a start to a solution within the construction industry.</p>

Pieces and Parts

<p>Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a contemporary engineered wood product and its use is growing within the construction industry. CLT is a readily available structural timber product and with the development of CNC (Computer Numerical Control), customisable panels can be fabricated off-site. There is, however, a gap to create both a system, which is all-inclusive of the exterior cladding system with the structural CLT panel. The research fills this gap, with the design of custom joinery between CLT panels and the cladding. The design of the vertical metal joints aim at creating a prefabricated envelope system that responds to any design, due to working with any cladding option. The holistic system also investigated an efficient approach with the connection between CLT wall and floor panels. The horizontal base and top connection between the wall and floor panels aimed at utilising modern techniques, whilst applying a high level of prefabrication. The designed prefabricated vertical and horizontal joints allow for a savings in time within the construction stage as the system is fabricated off-site, delivered to the site, and therefore erected quickly. The ease of on-site assembly is dependent on the off-site production. Fabricating the system off-site within a controlled environment is cost effective and is fabricated regardless of weather. Due to the efficient assembly of parts on-site, this reduces the need for on-site scaffolding. The new design system includes structural CLT panels, insulation, waterproofing, the custom designed joints, and the exterior cladding. This ensures that when it is brought to site, minimum amount of construction is needed. Developing this all-inclusive system ensures ease of construction, also in locations that are hard or dangerous to reach. This specifically includes infill sites, but is also not limited to this. Construction on sites harder to access (beach fronts, hills) can also be considered due to the system being fabricated off-site, resulting in an easier build, therefore not deterring people away from specific sites. The holistic system examines off-site production methods and on-site assembly. The development of the off-site fabricated CLT panel that is inclusive of a weather-sealed cladding ensures that the on-site assembly is minimised. Developing the vertical joinery system for the cladding, and the horizontal connection for the panels, ensures that system can be constructed without the use of scaffolding, minimising the need to access the exterior. With the increase of CLT buildings, and prefabrication being an efficient way of building, the development of this system could provide a start to a solution within the construction industry.</p>

Moderate Islamic Character Education In 4.0 Industrial Era

Character education build the moral of students based on ethics and national culture that has been internalized and becomes a special trait of the Indonesian nation. Through Islamic education, moderate character values will embrace human activities, both in the vertical or horizontal connection. This study aims to find out about the character education and the outcome, implemented at the Indonesia University of Education. Methodology of research are used quantitative and qualitative factor and participated by general mandatory courses (GMC) higher education students and graduates. The results indicated that Islamic character education have an important role to develop character of students.

Collinear Motion Strengthens Local Context in Visual Detection

Detection of elongated objects in the visual scene can be improved by additional elements flanking the object on the collinear axis. This is the collinear context effect (CE) and is represented in the long-range horizontal connection plexus in V1. The aim of this study was to test whether the visual collinear motion can improve the CE. In the three experiments of this study, the flank was presented with different types of motion. In particular, the collinear motion aligned with the longitudinal axis of the to-be-detected object: toward or away from it, and the orthogonal motion with a direction perpendicular to the collinear axis. Only collinear motion toward the target showed a robust and replicable empowerment of the CE. This dynamic modulation of the CE likely is implemented in the long-range horizontal connection plexus in V1, but, given that in addition it conveys the time information of motion, there must be a direct feedback in V1 from higher visual areas where motion perception is implemented, such as Middle Temporal (MT). Elongated visual objects moving along their longitudinal axis favor a propagation of activation in front of them via a network of interconnected units that allows the visual system to predict future positions of relevant items in the visual scene.

Numerical Study on Hysteretic Behaviour of Horizontal-Connection and Energy-Dissipation Structures Developed for Prefabricated Shear Walls

This study proposed a developed horizontal-connection and energy-dissipation structure (HES), which could be employed for horizontal connection of prefabricated shear wall structural system. The HES consists of an external replaceable energy dissipation (ED) zone mainly for energy dissipation and an internal stiffness lifting (SL) zone for enhancing the load-bearing capacity. By the predicted displacement threshold control device, the ED zone made in bolted low-yielding steel plates could firstly dissipate the energy and can be replaced after damage, the SL zone could delay the load-bearing and the load-displacement curves of the HES would exhibit “double-step” characteristics. Detailed finite element models are established and validated in software ABAQUS. parametric analysis including aspect ratio, the shape of the steel plate in the ED zone and the displacement threshold in the SL zone, is conducted. It is found that the HES depicts high energy dissipation ability and its bearing capacity could be obtained again after the yielding of the ED zone. The optimized X-shaped steel plate in the ED zone exhibit better performance. The “double-step” design of the HES is a potential way of improving the seismic and anti-collapsing performance of prefabricated shear wall structures against large and super-large earthquakes.

Wall to Wall Horizontal Connection for Precast Concrete Structures

Precast concrete wall is one of the prefabricated components of high demands in the construction industry especially in residential buildings as it combines the benefit of rapid speed of construction, good quality control and minimum labour intensity at the construction site. Precast wall is produced in forms of wall panels and connected in the construction site to form an integrated structural element called precast concrete wall. However, the connection of wall panels is a key factor as it provides the structure integrity and robustness of the overall structural system. Therefore, this paper aims to describe and summarize types of precast wall-to-wall horizontal connection in terms structural behaviours such as embedded length, bonding stress, seismic behaviours and modes of failure. A total number of ten (10) out of eighteen (18) papers will be reviewed and discussed. The findings show that loop connection is suitable for seismically stabile zones as it is not capable to withstand lateral load action effectively whereas wire rope connection has insufficient ductility as the load-carrying capacity is governed by yielding of the lock bar and crushing of the joint mortar. Furthermore, U-shaped steel channel connection, the connection was developed for seismic zones. Providing U-shaped rubber in between the U-shape steel channel has made the connection more flexible with energy dissipater system.

Tie-in of a Rigid Pipeline to a Flexible Rise: Design and Installation — Challenges and Lessons Learnt

This paper presents the experience made with the engineering and execution of the tie-in of flexible risers to rigid pipelines on a project recently completed in West Africa. Five production and injection pipelines (10” and 6”) were tied back to the host platform with flexible risers, in Lazy wave configurations, in ∼600m water depth. The risers are directly connected to the terminations structures (PLETs) of the rigid pipelines, through horizontal connection systems. The structures forming the tie-in (risers, PLETs and pipelines) have been designed to accommodate axial displacements of the pipelines in the range 0.3m to 1.0m, as positive displacements (expansions) and −0.1m to −0.7m as negative displacements (contractions) of the pipelines, respectively towards and away from the risers, due to pipelines thermal expansions and pipe walking. Note that along some of the lines anchoring structures have been installed to control pipe walking. The tie-in interface loads were to be limited, in order not to threaten the flexible pipe, the PLETs and the connectors, and, despite the small pipeline end displacements, keeping the interface loads within allowable values, was a challenge. The positive displacements were causing interface loads as high as 80% of the allowable values, while the negative displacements were causing up to 90% utilization of the capacity of the connectors and 95% of the allowable loading of the foundations of the PLETs. The main drivers of such high loadings are the stiffness of the flexible pipe, combined with the layout of the tie-in. Extensive in place analyses were done to simulate the effects of progressive displacements of the pipelines, the pipe-soil interactions and the specifics of the behaviour of the flexible pipes (hysteretic stiffness). Full 3D FE analyses of the foundations (mud mats) of the PLETs were done, to circumvent the limitations of a classical bearing capacity analysis approach. As built information were also used, to remove some conservatisms in the assumptions initially taken in the design. A special installation procedure was implemented, to achieve a layout of the riser at the approach of the pipeline capable to better relieve the displacements of the pipelines and reduce interface loads. Feedbacks from the installation are given in the paper. The lessons learned are also presented: a “flexible” pipe is a “stiff” structure and a direct tie-in to the pipeline may become an issue, if not addressed early enough during the execution of the project, when it can be too late to add mitigation structures, like intermediate tie-in spools, or to change significantly the routing of the risers and pipelines.

Challenges and Lessons Learnt From the Design, Fabrication and Installation of Rigid Tie-in Spools

This paper is based on the experience made during the engineering, fabrication and installation of rigid spools used to tie-in production lines (10”) to manifolds, in 650m max water depth, on a project recently completed in West Africa. The design of tie-in spools needs to accommodate the operation and environmental loads, and the installation, fabrication, metrology and, if applicable, also stack up tolerances. This may require spools of large sizes/weights and complex geometries, with associated fabrication and installation costs that significantly contribute to the overall costs of a project. This paper is focused on the process that was followed during the execution of the RFI (Risers Flowlines Installation) EPCI (Engineering Procurement Construction Installation) contract. To find workable configurations of the spools, such not to compromise the execution of the project, was a major challenge. Horizontal connection systems were to be used. Configurations of the spools, initially designed to be in contact with the seabed (“seabed-supported” design) turned to be by far more complex than the geometries estimated before the start of the detailed engineering, and which had been the basis for laying down the execution schedule of the project. Spools suspended between the horizontal hubs (“free-spanning” design) were finally chosen, which significantly simplified the fabrication and the installation. A key driver of the design was to keep the interface loads within the maximum permissible values specified for the connectors. The feedbacks from the fabrication and the installation are included in the paper, and the lessons learned are provided. Alternative solutions — based on use of flexible pipes — are also discussed.