PEMEROLEHAN KOSAKATA ANAK USIA 2 TAHUN SAMPAI DENGAN USIA 2 TAHUN 6 BULAN (STUDI KASUS PADA MUHAMMAD ZAINI)/THE ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY IN CHILDREN AGED 2 YEARS UP TO THE AGE OF 2 YEARS AND 6 MONTHS (CASE STUDY ON MUHAMMAD ZAINI)

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan tentang pemerolehan kosakata anak laki-laki bernama Muhammad Zaini dari usia 2 tahun sampai dengan usia 2 tahun 6 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori tahap-tahap tuturan awal oleh Steinberg, Nagata, dan Aline (2001). Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik longitudinal. Data penelitian ini berupa tuturan Muhammad Zaini yang berisi pemerolehan kosakata. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) pemerolehan tuturan satu kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun menunjukkan bahwa Muhammad Zaini lebih banyak menggunakan kata sifat daripada kata benda dan kata kerja, (2) pemerolehan tuturan dua kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun 1 bulan menunjukkan bahwa Muhammad Zaini lebih banyak menggunakan frasa benda, (3) pemerolehan tuturan dua kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun 2 bulan menunjukkan bahwa Muhammad Zaini lebih banyak menggunakan frasa benda, (4) pemerolehan tuturan dua atau tiga kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada Usia 2 tahun 3 bulan dengan tuturan frasa benda yang terdiri atas kata benda dan kata benda serta kata benda dan kata kerja, (5) pemerolehan tuturan dua atau tiga kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun 4 bulan terdapat kata kerja dan kata keterangan serta kata benda dan kata benda, (6) pemerolehan tuturan tiga kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun 5 bulan lebih banyak menggunakan kata seru dan kata benda, dan (7) pemerolehan tuturan tiga kata sampai lima kata oleh Muhammad Zaini pada usia 2 tahun 6 bulan lebih banyak menggunakan negasi dan kata benda serta kata benda dan negasi.Kata kunci: pemerolehan kosakata, tuturan, anak laki-lakiAbstractThis research aims to describe and explain vocabulary acquisition of boys named Muhammad Zaini age from 2 years to the age of 2 years and 6 months. This research uses theories of early stages of speech by Steinberg, Nagata, and Aline (2001). The method used was qualitative research with longitudinal techniques. The data of this research in the form of speech of Muhammad Zaini containing vocabulary acquisition. The results of this research are (1) the acquisition of speech a Word by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years shows that Muhammad Zaini more use of the adjective instead of the noun and the verb, (2) the acquisition of speech is the word by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years 1 month shows that Muhammad Zaini more use the phrase objects, (3) the acquisition of speech is two words by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years 2 months indicate that Muhammad Zaini more use of objects, phrases (4) the acquisition of speech is two or three words by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years 3 months with a speech phrase objects composed of a noun and noun and noun and verb, (5) the acquisition of speech is two or three words by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years 4 month there are verbs and adverbs and adjectives and nouns, (6) the acquisition of speech is three words by Muhammad Zaini at age 2 years 5 months more exciting words and uses nouns, and (7) the acquisition of three-to five-word speech is said by Muhammad Zaini in the age of 2 years and 6 months more use of negation and noun and noun and negation. Keywords: acquisition of vocabulary, speech, boy

The White Lotus Movement and the Use of Chan

In this brief investigation, the author looks at the use of elements of Chan practice in Chinese religious culture in the Yuan period, with a particular focus on the White Lotus movement. The latter movement is often judged to be a Pure Land movement, but this as well as the Chan label are not very useful in understanding actual religious life and writing on the ground. Here the author assumes that the use of a speech-phrase (huatou), the anecdotes known as Public Case (gongan), and belief in a sudden enlightenment are typical of Chan practice. The famous apologist of the White Lotus movement, and Pure Land Buddhism more generally, Pudu 普度 (1255–1330) certainly shared this approach, and it seems that other adherents shared in this view. They all had a view of what Chan should be that did not even diverge very much from each other. They also felt that they were able to pronounce on what were right and wrong interpretations and did not see their own Pure Land practices and Chan practices as mutually exclusive.

The German Constructicon Project: Framework, methodology, resources

The paper introduces aims and efforts of the German Constructicon Project (GCP) (www.german-constructicon.de) hosted at the University of Düsseldorf. The ultimate goal of the project is not only to identify and describe oftentimes overlooked grammatical constructions, but also to offer comprehensive descriptions of them in a dictionary-like online repository. Each construction entry is intended to provide all relevant grammatical information necessary to understand and correctly use the respective grammatical construction. Based on constructicographical analyses of authentic corpus examples, the paper reports on the methodological foundations of GCP, most importantly the annotation categories used, as well as on the computational work routine yielding construction entries. The routine includes five consecutive steps, (i) subcorporation and preliminary analysis, (ii) parsing pipeline (automatic annotations of part of speech, phrase type and grammatical function), (iii) semantic annotations, (iv) semi-automatic analyses of the annotations and, finally, (v) compilation of construction entries. For illustration, we present the geschweige denn (‘let alone’) construction in its habitat of the negating_connector construction family. The paper concludes with outlining a full-fledged construction entry for geschweige denn in the German Constructicon.

Infants' Detection of Speech in Noise

Localization responses to a speech phrase masked by white noise were obtained from infants 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age and from adults. The masking noise was presented continuously from two loudspeakers located 45° to each side of the infant. During a trial the speech phrase was presented through one of the loudspeakers. A head turn to the signal (correct response) was rewarded by activating an animated toy on top of the speaker. The intensity of the signal was varied over trials (method of constant stimuli) to determine thresholds (defined as the intensity corresponding to 65% correct head tunas) at each of two levels of masking noise, 42 and 60 dBC. Thresholds for the speech signal were comparable across all infant groups for both levels of masking noise. Increasing the masking noise from 42 to 60 dBC resulted in a threshold shift of comparable magnitude for infants and adults. However, adult thresholds were approximately 10–12 dB lower than those of infants at both masking levels.