Editorial

This general issue of Critical Survey ranges from mediaeval to modern literature and drama.

WATTPAD AS A MEDIA FOR MODERN LITERATURE IN AXIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE.

In the 21st century, the existence of the digital world continues to experience modernity, especially in changes to literacy with digital media through the Wattpad application. Wattpad is an online reading and writing platform with the essence for the value of goodness and beauty that can be viewed from the aesthetics of axiology. This study aims to explore the role of Wattpad in the world of modern literature and its relevance to ethical and aesthetic perspectives in axiology. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by conducting interviews with ten students from the Wattpad application and reviewing literature with references to databases, journals, and articles from other relevant researchers. The results show that Wattpad acts as a forum for reading millions of stories from all kinds of writers. And according to ethical and aesthetic values in axiology, it also acts as a medium to write stories with beauty for the common good. The researcher suggests that Wattpad can be installed by all teenagers and used to understand the importance of literacy and have the ability to analyze beauty in a literary work. This research only focuses on the Wattpad platform as a medium to support literacy and the limited number of respondents.

Accuracy and Reception: On Theological and Aesthetic Novelty in Two Novels by Teodora Dimova

Accuracy and Reception: On Theological and Aesthetic Novelty in Two Novels by Teodora DimovaThis article raises the question of functioning of the Biblical narrative in modern literature in the context of the local/individual experience of faith and the epistemological and existential question of truth. The focus is on two novels by the Bulgarian writer Teodora Dimova (born in 1960): Марма Мариам [Marma, Mariam, 2010] and Първият рожден ден [The First Birthday, 2016]. This case is particularly interesting because the Biblical story about Jesus has not been used here in order to create a parody or blasphemy, which could be expected as far as the postmodern de-contextualisation and re-evaluation of tradition are concerned, but to offer both an aesthetically original and theologically orthodox vision of the Christian God. So how to paraphrase the Biblical story and remain orthodox? How to actualize the existential potential of the Bible and achieve novelty? The analysis is conducted in the perspective of Paul Ricoeur’s existential hermeneutics and phenomenology of memory, especially his concepts of testimony and mimesis, with regard to the question of the reception of Biblical paraphrases in (Bulgarian) modern culture.Zgodność i recepcja. O teologicznej i estetycznej nowości w dwóch powieściach Teodory DimowejW artykule została poruszona kwestia funkcjonowania narracji biblijnej w literaturze nowoczesnej w kontekście lokalnego i indywidualnego doświadczenia wiary oraz epistemologicznego i egzystencjalnego pytania o prawdę. Autorka koncentruje się na dwóch powieściach bułgarskiej pisarki Teodory Dimowej (ur. 1960): Марма Мариам [Marma, Mariam, 2010] i Първият рожден ден [Pierwsze urodziny, 2016]. Przypadek ten jest szczególnie interesujący, ponieważ biblijna opowieść o Jezusie nie została tu wykorzystana w celu stworzenia parodii lub bluźnierstwa, czego można by oczekiwać w kontekście ponowoczesnych dekontekstualizacji i przewartościowań, ale aby zaproponować wizję chrześcijańskiego Boga, która jest zarówno estetycznie oryginalna, jak i teologicznie prawowierna. Jak więc sparafrazować historię biblijną i pozostać ortodoksyjnym? Jak urzeczywistnić egzystencjalny potencjał Biblii i stworzyć oryginalne dzieło? W analizie autorka odwołuje się do hermeneutyki egzystencjalnej i fenomenologii pamięci Paula Ricoeura, zwłaszcza jego koncepcjiświadectwa oraz mimesis, w odniesieniu do kwestii recepcji parafraz biblijnych w (bułgarskiej) kulturze nowoczesnej.

REVIEW OF PUNNARNAVA GUGGULU IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AMAVATA - RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS w.s.r. BHAISHAJYA RATHNAVALI

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common variety of inflammatory arthritis. The annual inci- dence of RA worldwide is approximately estimated to be 3 cases per 10,000 populations. Based on the similar signs and symptoms RA can be compared with Amavata. It is not described in Brihatrayi as a separate disease the first detailed description was given by Acharya Madhavakar. The available contemporary treatment modalities are not satisfactory therefore Ayurvedic medicines are needed of the hour. Bhaishajya Rathnavali has been men- tioned Punnarnava Guggulu in the management of Amavata. Aim: To critically study the mode of action of Pun- narnava Guggulu in the management of Amavata w.s.r. Bhaishajya Rathnavali. Methods: For this study Ayurve- da Samhita-Madhava Nidana, Authentic publications and modern literature have been reviewed. Conclusion: The Punnarnava Guggulu is Shothahara, Vedanasthapaka, Vatahara, Agnivardhaka and Amapachaka. So, it is concluded that Punnarnava Guggulu can be used as an effective medicine for Amavata. Keywords: Punnarnava Guggulu, Amavata, Rheumatoid arthritis

Olbian Perirantheria

From Olbia’s excavations comes a series of ceramic and stone, mostly marble, large open vessels in the shape of shallow bowls, which were installed on high pedestals. On ceramic vessels the stamped decor on the outside of the edge; it usually consisted of several relief belts – Ionic cymatium (ovolos), one or two pearl cords; in the case of marble vessels, only profiling was marked on the outer side of the edge. Such vessels in the modern literature are interpreted as perirantheria. According to the conditions of the finds and the style of the ornament, the earliest of the known vessels belong to the late Archaic period. The peak of their usage falls on the 5th century BCE. In Olbia, perirantheria have been found in two cult sites, the Western and Southern temenoi, the botroses, and the cultural strata. Their belonging to the cult inventory is unconditional. A wide range of analogies, known from the monuments of the Mediterranean, indicate that the perirantheria were intended for sacred water, which was used for ritual ablutions before and after the sacrifices. Traces of burning on a ceramic vessel originating from the Western Temenos suggest that at some stage of its operation it could be used as an altar for burning offerings. In the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, louteria became a part of everyday life – identical in shape water vessels, also made of ceramics and stone, mostly marble, but smaller in size. These vessels stood on high pedestals, often designed as fluted columns. The context of such finds is mainly related to residential buildings in both the Mediterranean and Olbia, which suggests a change in their functional usage. In addition, the study of the Olbian collection of ritual vessels opens another unknown page in the nomenclature of goods brought to Olbia.

Themes of Chronicle Drama

Chronicle drama occupies a central position in modern literature which represents a field for interaction of ideas and actions, as it works as storage for historical and human experience. It records a sequence for the history. This study aims to examine the main themes of chronicle drama. Thus, it tracks the history of modern literature as a wide source for this literary genre. The study adopts a historical and analytical methodology in order to clarify the broader dimensions related to chronicle drama and its sources. Historically, chronicle drama was used to dramatize the facts and work as an expression of factory life of kings. That’s why King John of Shakespeare in 1553 was the first one of this genre. The study concludes that chronicle drama mirrored surrounding circumstances of the facts since its early times. So, it was effected by the historical conditions. This is clearly appeared in the early works like Henry the Fifths, Tragedy of Richard III The life and Death of Jaike Strew and so, the previously mentioned "The King John". So it was affected politically and socially by the European historical context. The research also indicates that the Elizabethan Dramatists put the basics of the later stage of literature development especially on the level of techniques. This appears in Shakespeare’s works who used to end the drama with restoration and disordering which still exists in postmodern literature.

تشكيلُ النّص الأدبيِّ ما بعد الحداثيِّ

يسعى هذا البحث إلى تبيان ملامح تشكيل النّص الأدبيّ ما بعد الحداثيّ، والوقوف على أبرز المفاهيم الأولية التي وظفها النّقاد في أطروحات ما بعد الحداثة، والتي شكّلت الاختلافات الجوهرية في الفرق بين النّصوص الحداثيّة وما بعدها، كما ترنو الدراسة إلى استكناه إشكالية النّص ما بعد الحداثيّ من خلال استدعاء بعض النّصوص الشّعرية والروائية المعاصرة التي تعزز حضور بعض سماته فيه، متبعة في ذلك، المنهج الوصفيّ التحليليّ. وقد عمد البحث إلى تحديد الملامح التي شكلت ماهية النصوص ما بعد الحداثية من خلال البحث في المفاهيم الأوليّة، كما وردت على لسان منظري ما بعد الحداثة نظريًا، ومن ثمّ تطبيق هذه المفاهيم على عينة من النصوص الشعرية والروائية المعاصرة. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن تشكيل النصوص ما بعد الحداثية جاءت مغايرة لنصوص الحداثة السابقة لها، وأن هناك بونًا شاسعًا بينهما؛ فالنصوص الأولى منحت القارئ دورًا فاعلًا في المشاركة في عملية إنتاج النصوص مما يضمن له صرورة البقاء، على العكس من النصوص الحداثية التي اتسمت بالانغلاق والجمود. الكلمات الدّالة: الحداثة، ما بعد الحداثة، النّص، المفاهيم الأوليّة Abstract: This research attempts to crystalize basic characteristics of Postmodern Literature and sheds light on the most prominent and basic concepts that were employed by many critics in dissertations of Postmodernism, which constitute fundamental differences between Modern Literature and Postmodern Literature. In addition, the study seeks to elucidate characteristics of Postmodern Literature through tackling some contemporary works of poetry and novels that enhance the presence of some postmodern characteristics; this is based on the descriptive analysis approach. The purpose of this research is to define the main essence that formed Postmodern Literature through studying the basic concepts according to perspectives of postmodern theorists, then applying these concepts on some contemporary novels and poetry works. Conclusion of the study indicated that forming Postmodern Literature was more different than former Modern Literature. There is an obvious difference between them; Postmodern Literature granted the reader an active role in order to take part in creation of any literary works, which guaranteed his engagement and interaction, unlike Postmodern Literature which was characterized by its enclosure and rigidity. Key words: Modernism, Postmodernism, Literary work, Basic concepts.