Meiji Restoration: The Thought Revolution of Japaneses and Asian Perception

It is a series of reform and innovation events leading to tremendous changes in Japanese social and political structure; The " Meiji Restoration " has brought dramatic changes in the political, economic and social fields in Japan. The reform of the Started from the change in perception and thinking: the Japanese bravely broke with traditional views, traditional ideas are outdated and well received the thoughts, the progressive knowledge of mankind that had made Japan entered the period of strong integration and achieved miracules in the progress of national development. The achievements of the Meiji estoration have established a solid framework and foundation for the development of modern Japan. Keywords: Meiji Reform, tradition, modernity, development. References [1] Lý Minh Tuấn, Tứ thư bình giải, NXB Tôn giáo, 2011. [2] Vũ Dương Ninh, Nguyễn Văn Kim, “Một số chuyên đề lịch sử thế giới”, tập 2, NXB. Đại học Quốc gia, Hà Nội, 2008. [3] Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phúc Ông tự truyện (Phạm Thu Giang dịch), NXB.Thế giới, 2017 (Xuất bản lần đầu 1899). [4] B.Sansom, Lược sử văn hóa Nhật Bản, tập 2, Nxb. Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội, 1989. [5] Trung Quốc cận đại giản sử, NXB. Nhân dân Thượng Hải, 1975. [6] Phan Đại Liên, Lịch sử Nhật Bản, NXB. Văn hóa Thông tin, Hà Nội, 1995. [7] Fukuzawa Yukichi, “Khuyến học” hay những bài học về tinh thần độc lập tự cường của người Nhật Bản, Nxb Iwanami Bunko Tri thức và phát triển (Phạm Hữu Lợi dịch), NXB Trẻ, 2017. [8] Vũ Khiêu, Nho giáo và phát triển ở Việt Nam, NXB. Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội, 1997. [9] Francois Jullien, Minh triết phương Đông và Triết học phương Tây hay thể tạng khác của Triết học, editions du Seuil, Février (Nguyên Ngọc dịch), 1998. [10] Nguyễn Thị Hồng Vân, “Cơ cấu xã hội Nhật Bản thời Cận thế”, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Đông Bắc Á, số 4/2009. [11] Đào Trinh Nhất, Nhật Bản Duy Tân 30 năm, Đông phương xuất bản, Sài Gòn, 1936. [12] Liên hiệp Các Hội KH&KT Việt Nam, “Tạp chí Nhà quản lý", số 27(9)/2005. [13]Fukuzawa Yukichi, “Thoát Á luận”, 1885 (Hải Âu, Kuriki Seiichi dịch).http://www.chungta.com/nd/tu-lieu-tra cuu/thoat_a_luan.html [14] Fukuzawa Yukichi, Bàn về văn minh (First published in 1875; Lê Huy Vũ Nam, Nguyễn Anh Phong dịch), Nxb. Thế giới, 2018. [15] Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyến học hay những bài học về tinh thần độc lập tự cường của người Nhật Bản, Nxb Iwanami Bunko Tri thức và phát triển (Phạm Hữu Lợi dịch), Nxb. Trẻ, 2017.

Regional Plans and Regional Plants: Jens Jensen’s Vernacular Landscape and Metropolitan Planning in Chicago, 1904-1920

This article traces the origins of regional planning in Chicago through the work of landscape designer Jens Jensen. It argues that the city’s first regional planning efforts, led by Jensen, developed in conversation with ideas of the vernacular landscape and plant behavior at the turn of the twentieth century. Jensen’s embrace of Chicago’s “native” landscape encouraged him to adopt a regional scale of planning that celebrated urban diversity and addressed the needs of workers. His efforts, backed by the city’s social reform community, spanned the successful 1904 Forest Preserve plan and the failed 1918 Greater West Park System project. Marked by contradictions, Jensen’s work reveals a reform tradition distinct from the 1909 Plan of Chicago, which promoted the Forest Preserves as part of its comprehensive redevelopment program. It fused ecological metaphors with social concerns, inspiring some of the first public projects envisioned for a regional community, not an urban one.

Social Progressivism and Religion in America

American reformers have always put religion at the heart of their protest movements. They have invoked divine law and the word of God, ignored expediency and pragmatics, and acted on behalf of a transcendent truth. Nearly all major progressive reform movements have drawn on religious belief as they envisioned a new society. In particular, the American prophetic mode has been crucial to the reform tradition. American reformers in nearly all of the country’s reform movements of the past two hundred years have used the prophetic mode. But of the major reform movements, abolitionism and anti-lynching were the most thoroughly infused with religion. Abolitionists drew on the imagery of both Revelation and the Old Testament God of war, infusing their performative martyrdoms with apocalyptic imagery. They depicted Christ as the warrior of Revelation and Christ as the son of the Old Testament vengeful God, transforming the abolitionist martyr into the abolitionist messiah: a portent of divine judgment. Anti-lynching activists echoed and revised abolitionism’s Christ-like sacrifice for white America’s soul and created a series of black Christs that restaged the passion play for the Jim Crow South. This reform rhetoric, displaying the same righteous anger as abolitionists, met the religious imagery of racists head-on and turned anti-lynching’s calls for social change into a sacred text. At the heart of both major movements, which laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and for the Black Lives Matter movement of the 21st century, was a messianic martyrdom that countered the religious justifications for slavery, lynching, and white supremacy.

Public Administration in the Social Reform Movement

At the start of the 20th century, social reform competed with structural reform for the hearts and minds of urban reformers. Public administration scholarship has long recognized P A's roots in the structural reform tradition. In contrast, P A's rela­tionship to the social reform tradition has remained obscure. This exploration in the history of ideas shows that social reform rejected many principles upon which public adminis­tration now rests, and advanced many alternative concepts in their stead.