R-loop-induced p21 expression following CDC73, CTR9, and PAF1 loss protects cancer cells against replicative catastrophe following WEE1 inhibition

WEE1 inhibitors have now advanced into clinical studies as monotherapy or in combination with chemoradiotherapy in TP53, RAS, BRAF, and SETD2 mutation carriers across several tumour types, yet mechanisms of resistance are still poorly understood. Here, we further elucidate the mechanisms by which AZD1775, the most potent WEE1 inhibitor, kills cells and reveal additional genetic interactions that can result in resistance, but could be used to optimise its clinical utility. We identified RNA Polymerase II-associated factor 1 (PAF1) complex members, CDC73, CTR9, and PAF1 as major determinants of WEE1-inhibitor sensitivity in isogenic SETD2-positive and negative cell lines. PAF1-knockdown cells resist higher doses of the WEE1 inhibitor, which we show is due to reduced DNA damage induction (γH2AX) and delayed G1 checkpoint activation, ultimately protecting cells against replicative catastrophe. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms responsible for PAF1-mediated resistance identify involvement of R-loops and subsequent activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1, which in addition to causing prolonged G1 arrest in the following cell cycle, also regulates CDK activity, therefore limiting replication. These results provide evidence that the PAF1 complex and p21 are important regulators of proliferation under increased DNA replication stress and their expression levels might be useful biomarkers to predict clinical response to WEE1 inhibitors and other ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors.

Design, Synthesis and biological evaluation of diazeno-thiazole derivatives as ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Ribonucleotide reductase(RNR) is a metalloenzyme that catalyses the rate limiting step in DNA synthesis and repair. It causes the reduction of ribonucleotide to 2’-deoxyribonuclotides which are used as precursors for DNA synthesis, thus offering a good target for inhibition of cell synthesis. Experimental results have been proven that RNR inhibitors can be used as antiviral, anticancer or antibacterial agents. Here we report the synthesis of a novel class of diazeno-thiazole derivatives as potent RNR inhibitors. A series of forty molecules were synthesized and evaluated for their RNR inhibitory properties. All compounds were found to be good inhibitors of the RNR. Compound 3iwas found to be most active showing an IC50 value of 0.8 µm. The established SAR study indicated the presence of a polar bridge with an adjacent flexible aromatic ringprerequisite for RNR inhibitory activity. Moreover, compounds having an additional 4-chloro phenyl ring were found to be most potent.