Incidence of histopathological variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An institutional study

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most important and the most common malignant mucosal neoplasm of the head and neck accounting for over 90% of all malignancies. Conventional oral Squamous cell carcinoma is frequently present in general cancerous conditions. It is bundled up with six different variants. Histomorphologically every variant shows a unique appearance. This raises an opportunity for the different diagnostic consideration with the precise management decision.All cases of OSCC reported at our institution Dentopath Pathologies Amravati in past two months were scrutinized. Representative sections containing the full thickness of the tumor were used for histopathological grading. The structure and identification of carcinomas were done microscopically by two expert dentopathologist.In the present study, we screened 100 slides of a conventional epithelial cell carcinoma. Amonst which 30 Slides showed the verrucous carcinoma. On 5 slides adenoid squamous cell carcinoma were observed. Incidence of Papillary squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma was only 1 out of 100 slides each. Whereas, the spindle cell/sarcomatoid carcinoma was observed on 2 slides. Adenosquamous carcinoma is the rarest variant and hence no incidence of this carcinoma were observed in our study. The behavior of the OSCC varies amongst due to the presence of different morphological type of tumor. A few studies on OSCC malignancy grading with different clinical parameters were made. In the present study different types of variants are seen according to their histopathological appearances.Histopathological knowledge is very important for the precise diagnosis. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm of oral cavity. However, variants of the same show very less frequency. Hence, it became challenge for the appropriate diagnosis as many times a misdiagnosis affects the course of treatment of the patient

Differences in MMP-2 Expression in High- and Low-Grade MPNST and its Correlation with Prognostic Factors

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a soft tissue sarcoma, which is difficult to distinguish from other spindle cell sarcomas. MPNST is hostile, with a high recurrence, and tends to metastasize hematogenously, especially to the lungs. A phase of the metastasis is a degradation of the extracellular matrix, where Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) plays an essential role in this process. Gelatinase-type MMP, MMP-2 and MMP-9, can degrade basal membrane and fibrillar collagen to open the invasion pathway. MMP-2 can degrade more collagen and non-collagen extracellular matrix than MMP-9. Therefore, the study aimed to see the relationship between MMP-2 overexpression and histopathological malignancy grading and other clinical prognostic variables. The study was conducted by immunohistochemical staining of MMP-2 in 39 cases, consisting of 19 cases of low-grade MPNST and 20 cases of high-grade MPNST. Subsequently, an analysis of the relationship between MMP-2 overexpression and the malignancy grading and clinical variables was performed, such as age, sex, and tumor size and location. MMP-2 overexpression was seen in 19 (95%) cases of high grade and three (15.8%) cases of low-grade MPNST (p 0.000). The study also found a significant relationship between MMP-2 overexpression and histopathology grading, which may be helpful to define the prognosis.

Computed Tomographic and Histopathological Characteristics of 13 Equine and 10 Feline Oral and Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common equine sinonasal and feline oral tumour. This study aimed to describe the computed tomographic and histopathological characteristics of equine and feline SCC. Thirteen horses and 10 cats that had been histopathologically diagnosed with oral or sinonasal SCC and had undergone computed tomography (CT) of the head were retrospectively included in the study. CT characteristics of the mass and involved structures were noted. Histological examinations were evaluated according to a human malignancy grading system for oral SCC, which considered four grades of increasing aggressiveness. In horses, the masses were at the levels of the paranasal sinuses (n = 8), mandible (n = 3), tongue (n = 1), and nasal cavity (n = 1). In cats, the masses were at the levels of the maxilla (n = 4), mandible (n = 3), tongue (n = 1), and buccal region (n = 1) and were diffusely distributed (facial and cranial bones; n = 1). Masses in the equine paranasal sinuses showed only mild, solid/laminar, periosteal reactions with variable cortical destruction. However, maxillary lesions in cats showed severe cortical destruction and irregular, amorphous/pumice stone-like, periosteal reactions. CT revealed different SCC phenotypes that were unrelated to the histological grade. For morphologic parameters of the tumour cell population, a variability for the degree of keratinization and number of mitotic cells was noted in horses and cats. Concerning the tumour-host relationship a marked, extensive and deep invasion into the bone in the majority of horses and cats was seen. Most cases in both the horses and cats were categorized as histological grade III (n = 8); four horses and one cat were categorized as grade IV, and one horse and one cat were categorized as grade II. In this study, we examined the diagnostic images and corresponding applied human histopathological grading of SCC to further elucidate the correlations between pathology and oral and sinonasal SCC imaging in horses and cats.

Calretinin expression as a risk biomarker for metastatic canine mammary carcinoma

Malignant breast tumors are the most common tumors in humans and are associated with a poor prognosis. An accurate animal model of human mammary gland tumorigenesis is needed to test novel diagnosis and treatment strategies. Dogs represent a promising model since they develop such tumors spontaneously. In the present study, three immunomarkers, including calretinin, c-Kit (CD117) and placental alkaline phosphatase (Plap), were used and compared with each other, in relation to estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2 (triple markers), with the intention of malignancy grading. Enhanced expression of calretinin and placental alkaline phosphatase, without immunoreaction to c-Kit in neoplastic cells, is related to high-grade malignancy. Out of 50 tumors, 31 were metastasized, 29 of which (93.5%) were moderately to strongly calretinin positive (P<0.05). However, the results for c-Kit - and Plap+ in metastatic tumors were not reproducible. It may be concluded that calretinin could be introduced as a determinant biomarker in the diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis.