Potential of Streptomyces sp. in preventing the in vitro growth of Colletotrichum acutatum, the causative agent of infection in Capsicum annum L.

Red chilli plant (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in Indonesian society. One of them the pathogens attacks is Colletotrichum acutatum, a fungus causing anthracnose on red chilli. This study aims to determine the existence of Streptomyces sp. bacteria in the rhizosphere of the red chilli plant; the ability of Streptomyces sp. in inhibiting C. acutatum; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Streptomyces isolates extracts in inhibiting C. acutatum; The Streptomyces isolation was carried out by dilution method using selective meida, namely Yeast Malt Agar. The Dual Culture method was used as an inhibition test between Streptomyces sp. and C. acutatum in vitro. A well diffusion method was used to test the effectiveness of the Streptomyces sp. and MIC filtrate concentration in inhibiting C. acutatum. The data obtained in this study were analyzed with Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) then continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test with 5% significance. Five Streptomyces isolates were found, namely Streptomyces sp.1, Streptomyces sp.2, Streptomyces sp.3, Streptomyces sp.4, and Streptomyces sp.5 in the rhizosphere of healthy C. annum L. plants in Daup Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency. Streptomyces sp. isolates. can significantly inhibit the growth of the fungus C. acuatum with inhibitory power ranging from 50.30% to 83.76%, Streptomyces sp.5 isolate was able to provide the highest percentage of inhibition in C. acutatum of 83.76 ± 2.91% with MIC 7% (v/v) with a diameter of 6.40 mm.

Assessment of Capsicum annuum L. Grown in Controlled and Semi-Controlled Environments Irrigated with Greywater Treated by Floating Wetland Systems

Accumulation of trace elements, including heavy metals, were evaluated in soil and fruits of chilli plants (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under both laboratory-controlled and semi-controlled greenhouse location conditions. Chilli plant biomass growth in different development stages and fruit productivity were evaluated and compared with each other for the impact of growth boundary conditions and water quality effects. Treated synthetic greywaters by different operational design set-ups of floating treatment wetland systems were recycled for watering chillies in both locations. Effluents of each individual group of treatment set-up systems were labelled to feed sets of three replicates of chilli plants in both locations. Results revealed that the treated synthetic greywater (SGW) complied with thresholds for irrigation water, except for high concentrations (HC) of phosphates, total suspended soils, and some trace elements, such as cadmium. Chilli plants grew in both locations with different growth patterns in each development stage. First blooming and high counts of flowers were observed in the laboratory. Higher fruit production was noted for greenhouse plants: 2266 chilli fruits with a total weight of 16.824 kg with an expected market value of GBP 176.22 compared to 858 chilli fruits from the laboratory with a weight of 3.869 kg and an estimated price of GBP 17.61. However, trace element concentrations were detected in chilli fruits with the ranking order of occurrence as: Mg > Ca > Na > Fe > Zn > Al > Mn > Cu > Cd > Cr > Ni > B. The highest concentrations of accumulated Cd (3.82 mg/kg), Cu (0.56 mg/kg), and Na (0.56 mg/kg) were recorded in chilli fruits from the laboratory, while greater accumulations of Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Ni with concentrations of 4.73, 1.30, 0.20, 0.21, and 0.24 mg/kg, respectively, were linked to fruits from the greenhouse. Trace elements in chilli plant soils followed the trend: Mg > Fe > Al > Cr > Mn > Cd > Cu > B. The accumulated concentrations in either chilli fruits or the soil were above the maximum permissible thresholds, indicating the need for water quality improvements.

Assessment of Morphological Mutations and Genetic Components in MMS and EMS Induced Chilli Cultivars, NS 1101 and NS 1701DG

A change in the genetic makeup of a plant is an essential prerequisite for the breeding programs and induce mutagenesis is an important approach to create the variations within crop germplasm. The main objective of this study is to find the mutants in chemically treated M2 chilli plant populations. Since, mutagenesis in chilli plants was induced through EMS and Cd to increase the genetic variability that results in thirteen mutant plants at M2 generation from the genetic background of chilli varieties NS 1101 and NS 1701 DG, respectively. Most of the mutant phenotypes observed felled within qualitative and quantitative characteristics the seven major categories including plant height, leaf shape, leaf color, branch, and flower color, fruits, 1000 seed weight, yield, and root length. The inter-population differences were carried out through analysis of variance of quantitative traits of chemically treated chilli populations. Results reflect increased mean value in quantitative traits that could validate the improvement over the parental lines. Fruit number and seed weight were the main priority traits in the selection of high yield plants and these quantitative traits have a strong association with the yield of the plant. Genetic variability induced by chemical mutagens in chilli can integrate into further chilli breeding programs as new crop germplasm with improved agronomic traits. Mutants selected from 0.2% treated chilli populations can be used to develop an efficient and fast crop variety of chilli with desirable traits. The present study about the genetic variability induced by chemical mutagenesis provides more opportunities to bring diversity in the genetic makeup of chilli plant for improvement of the desirable traits.

Disease Detection and Remote Monitoring in Chilli Crop Using Image Processing

Observations today have verified that the average crop yield in India is declining due to illnesses that have affected fully grown plants. Chilli plant production is tough due to the plant's vulnerability to a variety of microorganisms, infectious illnesses, and pests. Infections in the chilli plant impact areas such as the leaves and stems. In the early stages of diagnosing chilli illnesses, leaf characteristics are examined. The leaf image is taken and analyzed to determine the health of the chilli plant. Pesticides are currently being tested on chilli plants on a regular basis without first determining the needs of each plant. This ensures that pesticides are only used when diseased plants are discovered. Keywords: Infections in the chilli plant, chilli illnesses, characteristics are examined, Pesticides are currently being tested on chilli plants.

Sistem Pakar Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor untuk Mendiagnosa Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman Cabai

INTISARICabai merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman sayuran yang dapat menjadi bumbu masakan atau disajikan secara langsung sebagai bahan tambahan dalam makanan. Cabai juga menjadi sayuran yang paling diminati oleh masyarakat Indonesia, sehingga berpotensi besar untuk dikembangkan dan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi. Akan tetapi, tanaman cabai memiliki masalah yang kompleks terkait serangan hama dan penyakit yang berpotensi mengurangi produksi dan menyebabkan gagal panen. Sistem pakar merupakan salah satu cabang artificial intelligence dalam ilmu komputer yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menyelesaikan berbagai jenis masalah. Sistem pakar mampu berperan seperti seorang pakar, sehingga mendiagnosa hama dan penyakit pada tanaman cabai. Pengembangan sistem pakar ini menggunakan metode centainty factor. Metode ini dapat membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan dan menampilkan persentase hasil diagnosa terkait hama dan penyakit pada tanaman cabai. Sistem pakar dikembangkan berbasis website supaya menjadi sistem yang dinamis, sehingga dapat di akses melalui komputer ataupun smartphone. Hasil akhir diagnosa oleh sistem pakar berupa kesimpulan, penjelasan, dan cara mengatasinya.Kata kunci— Tanaman Cabai, sistem pakar, certainty factor ABSTRACTChili is a type of vegetable plant that can be used as a spice in cooking or served directly as an additional ingredient in food. Chili is also a game that is most in demand by the people of Indonesia, so it is likely to be developed and has a fairly high economic value. However, chili plants have problems related to pests and diseases that disrupt production and cause crop failure. Expert system is a branch of artificial intelligence in computer science that can be used to solve various types of problems. The expert system is able to act as a person, thus diagnosing pests and diseases in chili plants. The development of this expert system uses the centacity factor method. This method can assist in making decisions and displaying diagnostic results related to pests and diseases in chili plants. The expert system was developed based on a website to become a dynamic system, so that it can be accessed via a computer or smartphone. The final result of diagnosis by the system is in the form of conclusions, explanations, and how to overcome them.Kata kunci— Chilli plant, expert system, certainty factor

Incidence of Aphid and Whitefly on Chilli and their Management using Biorational and New Generation Insecticides

An experiment was conducted at Entomology field laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the rabi season of 2019-2020 to investigate the incidence of aphid and whitefly on chilli and effect of some biorational and new generation insecticides for controlling those insects. The presence of aphids was first identified on 2nd week of January at the vegetative stage of the chilli plant with the density of 2.34 per leaf. Then a gradual increase and a subsequent decrease were observed in the aphid population. The population density was reached to the peak level by first week of February with the mean number of 16.69/leaf. Thereafter, the population decreased in a gradual manner and reached to the minimum level by the end of 3rd week of March. In case of whitefly, similar trend of incidence but comparatively lower incidence was recorded from seedling to fruiting stage. On the other hand, five biorational and new generation insecticides were evaluated against these insects in field condition. All tested insecticides were found very effective except Shurter 505 EC (Cypermethrin + Chlorpyriphos) regarding reduction of aphids and whitefly populations, curled leaf development and increases of yield of green chillies. Among rest of the four insecticides, the Imixam 70WDG @ 0.30 g/L water (Imidacloprid + Thiamethoxam) was found most effective that was significantly followed by 0.20 g/L. This findings was closely followed by Gain 20 SL (Imidacloprid), Lumectin 10WDG (Lufenuron + Emamectin Benzoate) and Biotrin 0.5% (Matrine) respectively considering all the parameters studied.