Public Procurement Development: from the Past to the Present

Introduction. Any political system exists as a set of institutions and organizations that are collectively responsible for social organization and assuming various managerial functions. Since the fundamental task of the state is to ensure sustainable economic development, the processes that can ensure certain economic shifts are almost a defining component of economic policy and are urgent. Ukraine, striving for real change, did not miss this trend of change, as the political bankruptcy of the state apparatus led to weak independence, and a huge corruption component exhausted the economy and brought Ukraine to the brink of economic crisis. The decisive way to solve this problem was the renewal of the public procurement system, governed by specific regulations, and its transfer from the shadow format to the electronic one in 2016 for public availability. An e-procurement system is a tool for detecting and combating corruption through numerous tools for monitoring and analyzing public procurement. In addition, the system is unique in its structure, since it works in cooperation with three parties – government, business, and the public. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study and compare the laws of Ukraine "On public procurement" that were in force until 2021 and the new law that came into force on 01.01.2021. Fundamental amending and supplementing to the articles of the law are subject to assessment. Results. The issue of current innovations in the public procurement sector is investigated. The historical development of the implementation of the public procurement system on the example of "Prozzoro" is highlighted. The paper deals with the cycle and the process of implementation of public procurement, the structure of the electronic system of public procurement. The general state of functioning of electronic procurement in Ukraine and tools of the e-procurement analytics module is analyzed. Public procurement procedures contribute to the provision of society with goods, works, and services in the required quantity and quality on time and acceptable contractual relations. It is difficult to imagine the development of economic prosperity without the full functioning of the mechanism of transparent public procurement, which can ensure uninterrupted interaction between all representatives of the economic system at the macroeconomic level. The Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" and some other legislative acts of Ukraine on strengthening control and responsibility for violations of legislation in the field of public procurement, ensuring proper protection of the rights of public procurement participants are analyzed. The prospect of further research is to consider the content and evaluation of innovations in the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" and objective conclusions regarding innovative solutions and future developments. Conclusions. The most significant achievements in the development of the public procurement system in Ukraine were achieved in the period 2016-2021 since the enactment of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" and the introduction of the electronic procurement system ProZorro. To this date, the achievements in the field of reforming the public procurement system are noticeable to the general public, because the disclosure of the system has increased the level of knowledge of citizens in this area. However, there are gaps in the legislation that do not exclude the possibility of abuse by individual bidders. This necessitates further scientific research towards the development of the public procurement system in Ukraine. The prospect of further research is to consider the content and evaluation of innovations in the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" and objective conclusions regarding innovative solutions and future developments.

Pengaruh Sumber Informasi dan Dukungan Kelembagaan terhadap Kemandirian Petani di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

The weak independence of farmers in managing farming is characterized by weak levels of farmer production and selling prices that are still determined by market conditions. The information sources owned by farmers are not strong enough to help farmers in analyzing problems faced by farmers ranging from land preparation, cultivation, harvesting to post-harvest. Therefore, the study aimed to look at the influence of agricultural information sources on the support of the institutional environment of farmers on the independence of farmers. This research used a quantitative approach with survey methods in Ogan Ilir Districts and Banyuasin Districts, South Sumatera Province. This study used a sample of 294 farmers who joined farmer groups. This research showed that the weak source of information used by farmers and the low support of the institutional environment results in the farmers' independence being quite weak. Farmers have not been able to build competitiveness, filter and partnership in the scope of their lives up to farmer groups. The independent model of farmers was able to explain 91% of sources of information and institutional environment support. Therefore, it was necessary to strengthen accurate, correct, in-depth information and adapt it to local site conditions.

Institutional Support and Role in Increasing The Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province

<em>Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Central Sulawesi is a center of Indonesian cocoa commodity, yet has low improvement. This is presumably due to the lack of support of farmer institutions that were formed not based on farmers' needs or the interests of farmers. The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze the level of institutional support for cocoa farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, and (2) analyze the role and strategy of increasing institutional support for cocoa farmers in Central Sulawesi Province. The study was conducted in four districts in Central Sulawesi Province: Poso, Sigi, Morowali Utara and Donggala Regencies. The research sample was 380 farmers. To describe the research variables used descriptive statistical analysis in the frequency table and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that most farmers (70.2%</em>–<em>98.7%) assessed that institutional support in the contexts of marketing, capital, processing, and technical guidance were relatively low so it tended to be less conducive to increasing farmers' independence. The institutional role of those four contexts was also low categoryzed (26.6</em>–<em>43.0) so that it needs serious attention in an effort to increase the weak independence of farmers.</em>

Predicting the Types of Ion Channel-Targeted Conotoxins Based on AVC-SVM Model

The conotoxin proteins are disulfide-rich small peptides. Predicting the types of ion channel-targeted conotoxins has great value in the treatment of chronic diseases, epilepsy, and cardiovascular diseases. To solve the problem of information redundancy existing when using current methods, a new model is presented to predict the types of ion channel-targeted conotoxins based on AVC (Analysis of Variance and Correlation) and SVM (Support Vector Machine). First, the F value is used to measure the significance level of the feature for the result, and the attribute with smaller F value is filtered by rough selection. Secondly, redundancy degree is calculated by Pearson Correlation Coefficient. And the threshold is set to filter attributes with weak independence to get the result of the refinement. Finally, SVM is used to predict the types of ion channel-targeted conotoxins. The experimental results show the proposed AVC-SVM model reaches an overall accuracy of 91.98%, an average accuracy of 92.17%, and the total number of parameters of 68. The proposed model provides highly useful information for further experimental research. The prediction model will be accessed free of charge at our web server.

Updates in answer set programming: An approach based on basic structural properties

We have studied the update operator ⊕1 defined for update sequences by Eiter et al. without tautologies and we have observed that it satisfies an interesting property. This property, which we call Weak Independence of Syntax (WIS), is similar to one of the postulates proposed by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (AGM); only that in this case it applies to nonmonotonic logic. In addition, we consider other five additional basic properties about update programs and we show that ⊕1 satisfies them. This work continues the analysis of the AGM postulates with respect to the ⊕1 operator under a refined view that considers N2 as a monotonic logic which allows us to expand our understanding of answer sets. Moreover, N2 helped us to derive an alternative definition of ⊕1 avoiding the use of unnecessary extra atoms.