Language Deviation in Kurdish Jokes (Nuktey şax as an instance)

The study is under the title of ´´ Language Deviation in Kurdish Jokes (Nuktey şax as an instance) ´´, which attempts to analyze jokes, from its introduction and composition until discovering the reason of its effect that leaves on the receiver. This is due to the basis of concentration on composing compound words and adapting words, sounds as well as word order. The study assumes that the major characteristic feature of jokes is the deviation and transgression from the ordinary basis, whether it is logical or linguistic. This paper only concentrates on and examines the linguistic deviation. For this purpose, the study takes assistance bases and Grice theory as the measurement to discover the rate of linguistic deviations and how they occur through the two-sided basis in using denotative and connotative meaning and playing with words. The scope of the research work examines the jokes that derive from Kurdish culture and society. In addition, jokes from (Ȓştey mirwarî, Nuktey şax and Gepnamey mȇrguĺan) have been chosen to prove the linguistic deviations.

COLLOQUIALISMS OR LANGUAGE DEVIATION: LINGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL ASPECTS

The article deals with the peculiarities of colloquial vocabulary as a deviant element of speech, its naming, separation and methods of translation into target language. The ways of realization of colloquial words have been analyzed in the target text through full and adaptive transcoding. Colloquialisms are used by everybody, and their sphere of communication is comparatively wide. These are informal words that are used in everyday conversational speech by cultivated and uneducated people of all groups. Such elements include slang and dialects. Vast use of informal words is one of the prominent features of 20th century English and American literature. In Modern fiction informal words appear in dialogues as well as in descriptive passages. Such informal words are considered to be a kind of language deviation. The main reasons for the functioning of deviations in fiction are as follows: 1) deviation as the main means of creating the image of the characters and the author's picture of the world; 2) the deviation characterizes only individual characters (this way of deviation functioning is used more often, because it creates the image of the hero; 3) the deviation is used as a specific feature to create a certain coloring of the text. This technique is more often used for certain situations, comic effect, or also a conflict situation between the characters. For example, individual interspersed dialectal elements, which are voiced by a particular character, more often uses stylistically refined language, may sound like jokes about other characters who communicate in dialectal speech. To render stylistic coloring of the text created with the help of colloquialisms is an urgent problem for translators. To realize this task a translator should choose a correct strategy taking into account reasons for what the substandard elements have been used in the text. The given investigation shows that the most adequate ways of rendering colloquialisms used in the source language into target language is transcoding full or adaptive one.

Masalah Pemakaian Bahasa dalam Lingkungan Sosial

The use of language in the social environment is one of the things that becomes a habit in society. Moreover, social status determines the important role of these social statuses. It is undeniable that there are many differences in the use of language in several layers of social status which must have politeness and manners that must be obeyed in the use of language. Language and society are inseparable things, there can also be no society without language and there is also no language without a society now formed. Over time, a language can also experience some shifts or developments, this happens because of the influence of various things including the development of science and technology. The development of language must often be monitored so that it is more controlled in societies that use language by pegging the development of the era to the present. It does not have to work hard, but it is enough to supervise if there is a language deviation that is not in accordance with the existing custom, so it must be followed up to determine the truth in language development.Keywords: Social status, language development, language supervision, language usage.

Kefasihan Bahasa Hadis Nabi dalam Perubahan Kata Kerja

Temuan penelitian ini adalah pola peralihan atau ʻudūl dalam hadis adalah salah satu karakteristik sastrawi dari hadis. Peralihan kata kerja, baik dalam jenis kata kerja yang satu wazan maupun antar kata kerja yang berbeda, bukanlah suatu penyimpangan kebahasaan. Pendekatan pragmatik menemukan alasan-alasan yang tepat dalam pola peralihan tersebut. Tulisan ini akan menguatkan seri penelitian Sahrawi dalam “Al-Tadāwulīyah ʻInd ʻUlamāʼ al-ʻArab” (2005) dan Abdul-Raof melalui tulisannya dalam jurnal Language berjudul “Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis” (2009) yang menegaskan bahwa pola perubahan kata dalam teks keagamaan Alquran dan hadis merupakan keistimewaan keduanya, bukan titik kelemahan. Hal ini didasari pada kerangka teori ilmu simantik dan pragmatik yang melingkarinya. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif yang bersifat penelitian pustaka (library research) menggunakan pendekatan ilmu dilālah yang diterapkan Ghayyats Baboo melalui tulisannya dalam jurnal Dirāsat fī al-Lughah al-‘Arabīyah wa Adabihā berjudul Dilālat Al-ʻudūl fī Siyāgh al-Af‘āl (2013). This article strengthens Sahrawi's research series in "Al-Tadāwulīyah ʻInd ʻUlamāʼ al-ʻArab" (2005) and Abdul-Raof in his article in Language Journal entitled "Arabic Rhetoric: Pragmatic Analysis" (2009) which determines the pattern of changes in the words in the religious texts of the Qur'an and hadith is an advantage, not a weakness. This is based on the semantic theory of evolution and the pragmatics surrounding it. It is qualitative research with library research methdo that uses scientific research applied by Ghayyats Baboo through his writings in the Dirāsat fī al-Lughah al-‘Arabīyah wa Adabihā Journal entitled Dilālat Al-ʻudūl fī Siyāgh al-Af‘āl (2013). The finding of this study is the pattern of transition or ʻudūl in the hadith is one of the literary characteristics of the hadith. The transition of verbs, both in the type of verb that is one wazan or between different verbs, not a language deviation. The pragmatics theory is finding the right reasons in the transition pattern.

Semantic Deviation in Classical Poem Interpretation: A Perspective from Beginning Training Course Students in TEFL

Manipulation of language used in poems to state poet’s idea is basically aimed to give aesthetic value, help the readers to easily understand, and give complete image of the text meaning. However, in a real application in the classroom, the language style in poems causes language deviation and covers the poet’s idea. Readers should read the poems explisitly in deep interpretation to get the meaning. Therefore, this study describes an eight-week (135 minutes a week) poem stylistics of semantic deviation analysis for a half –semester beginning training course (poetry class) for the use of literature in an EFL context. The research was conducted at the fourth semester students of English Program of IAIN Bengkulu in academic year 2017/2018 that consisted of 31 students. This descriptive analysis aimed to describe students’ exploration of semantic deviation in classical poem interpretation. The result showed that Wordsworth’s The Solitary Reaper used various kinds of semantic deviation in forms of language stylistics of figurative languages, namely: (1) semantic Bizarreness of expression that consisted of oxymoron and paradox; (2) transference of meaning that consisted of synecdoche, metonymy and metaphor; (3) Misrepresent the truth that consisted of hyperbole and irony. In a real analysis of the poem, the students were excellent in identyfying the kinds of language deviations. Then, they were very good at understanding the poem literally. However, they had problems in interpreting the poet’s real meaning through semantic deviation used in the poem because they needed more experience about lingistic, social and historical background knowledge of classical England, and biography of the poet.

Eliciting Deviation

In his discussions on literature, Merleau-Ponty often turns to the notion of deviation as a constitutive principle of literary language. Deviation indicates the capacity of a literary work (and other aesthetic objects) to transgress against its own limits and to offer an experience of otherness, or alterity. This alterity is not given in the work, but is constituted by the recipient through the more visceral and physical aspects of literary language. The recipient of the work thus adopts a second voice: that of the author or creator of the work, which is absent from the text yet is reconstructed by the reader in a post hoc manner. The analysis of Merleau-Ponty’s ideas is complemented using the aesthetic insights of Paul Valéry, from which the philosopher was greatly inspired. The essay further explores the way in which the notion of literature as deviation illuminates other aspects in Merleau-Ponty’s theory of language.Dans son examen de la littérature, Merleau-Ponty se penche souvent sur la notion d’écart considérée en tant que principe constitutif du langage littéraire. L’écart indique la capacité d’une oeuvre littéraire (et d’autres objets esthétiques) de dépasser ses propres limites et d’offrir une expérience d’autrui, de l’altérité. Cette altérité n’est pas donnée dans l’oeuvre, mais elle est constituée par le destinataire à travers les aspects les plus viscéraux et les plus physiques du langage littéraire. Le destinataire de l’oeuvre adopte ainsi une deuxième voix : celle de l’auteur ou du créateur de l’oeuvre, qui est absente du texte mais est reconstituée après coup par le lecteur. L’analyse de la réflexion de Merleau-Ponty est complétée à partir des intuitions esthétiques de Paul Valery, dont le philosophe a été largement inspiré. Cet article explore ensuite la manière dont la notion de littérature comme écart nous permet de mettre en lumière d’autres aspects de la théorie du langage de Merleau-Ponty. Nelle sue riflessioni sulla letteratura Merleau-Ponty si rivolge spesso alla nozione di scarto quale principio costitutivo del linguaggio letterario. Lo scarto indica la capacità di un’opera letteraria (o di un altro oggetto estetico) di oltrepassare i propri limiti, offrendo così l’esperienza di un’alterità. Quest’alterità non si dà nell’opera, ma è costituita dal destinatario attraverso gli aspetti più fisici e viscerali del linguaggio letterario. Così il destinatario dell’opera adotta una seconda voce, quella del creatore o dell’autore, che è assente dal testo e tuttavia è ricostruita dal lettore a posteriori. L’analisi delle riflessioni merleau-pontiane è integrata a partire dalle intuizioni estetiche di Paul Valery, da cui il pensiero del filosofo fu ampiamente ispirato. Il saggio esplora inoltre il modo in cui la nozione di letteratura come scarto ci consenta di illuminare altri aspetti della riflessione merleau-pontiana sul linguaggio.