Linking Pedigree Information to the Gene Expression Phenotype to Understand Differential Family Survival Mechanisms in Highly Fecund Fish: A Case Study in the Larviculture of Pacific Bluefin Tuna

Mass spawning in fish culture often brings about a marked variance in family size, which can cause a reduction in effective population sizes in seed production for stock enhancement. This study reports an example of combined pedigree information and gene expression phenotypes to understand differential family survival mechanisms in early stages of Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, in a mass culture tank. Initially, parentage was determined using the partial mitochondrial DNA control region sequence and 11 microsatellite loci at 1, 10, 15, and 40 days post-hatch (DPH). A dramatic proportional change in the families was observed at around 15 DPH; therefore, transcriptome analysis was conducted for the 15 DPH larvae using a previously developed oligonucleotide microarray. This analysis successfully addressed the family-specific gene expression phenotypes with 5739 differentially expressed genes and highlighted the importance of expression levels of gastric-function-related genes at the developmental stage for subsequent survival. This strategy demonstrated herein can be broadly applicable to species of interest in aquaculture to comprehend the molecular mechanism of parental effects on offspring survival, which will contribute to the optimization of breeding technologies.

Gendered Survival and Status

With men in the army or succumbing more quickly to starvation, women’s efforts were vital to the war effort and city survival. In large part this was due to pre-war skills and dispositions instilled in women: caregiving and breadseeking (finding scarce food). That women bore burdens of family survival also challenged dependency vis-à-vis men. Women also observed men succumbing to starvation, leading them to believe they were the stronger sex. Women also framed caregiving as patriotic duty, enhancing their sense of self-worth. Yet caregiving also reinforced their sense that they fulfilled themselves vis-à-vis an Other. Men sensed this shift in status; while many felt indebted to women, others belittled their efforts and characters. One manner in which Leningraders confronted shifts in gender statuses was commenting on resexualization after the peak of starvation had passed. In sum, gender shaped experiences of survival, which in turn reinforced the traditional gender order.

Fishermen and Farmers' Wives in Meeting the Needs of Family Life (A Case Study on a Family-family whose Husband has left behind in Morela Subdistrict Leihitu, Moluccas)

The effort of women as the head of the family ini fulfilling the necessities of life is a change in status/fungtion from a housewife to being the head of the family as a result of the conflict Mamala and Morela. With this change in status, he changed his role, namely as a father to children as well as breadwinner to meet the needs of family life. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the social, economic, psychological and spiritual conditions of the family after the departure of the husband and to provide an overview of the efforts made by women as the head of the family in meeting the needs of family life. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection methods, of observation, in-depth interview, FGD and documentation studies. Data was collected from bureaucrats, religious leaders. Traditional leaders, and women breadwinners. Efforts made by women to survive in fulfilling the necessities of life include trading (opening stalls, selling fish, meatballs and boiled noodles) seweing and working in beauty salons. The key factor for family survival in fulfilling life socially, economically, psychologically and spiritually is the family itself and environmental factors as well as determinants to be used by families to develop their businesses. Womens efforts in fulfilling the necessities of life are a form of independence, namely an attiude of confidence and willingnees to take the initiative to survive and not depend on other parties.

STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP KELUARGA PEDAGANG PENGECER CAKAR DI PASAR TERONG KOTA MAKASSAR

This study aims to determine the profile of socio-economic life and the strategy of family survival of the claw retailers in Pasar Terong, Makassar City. The retrieval of informants in the study was carried out by purposive sampling with 12 families of informants. In this study, researchers used observation data collection techniques, interviews and documentation. The analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis techniques, descriptive in nature (prior analysis in the field and data analysis in the field). The results showed that the profile of the socio-economic life of the claw retailers family was not yet feasible. The family survival strategies of claw retailers include active strategies (family members participate in earning a living and sell leftovers to pa'lever or pa'drop), passive strategies (making savings and saving) and network strategies (making loans and receiving assistance from the government) .

Woman Searching for Family Nafkah in Islamic Economic Views

This article focuses on the discussion of Islamic and economic views on women making a living for families (husbands and children). This phenomenon is already popular in Indonesian society, with many female workers (TKW) making a living or working abroad for the sake of family survival (husband and children), this is also reinforced by soap opera shows on private national television titled “The world is upside down” as a manifestation of the socio-economic facts of the Indonesian family today which is visualized as soap operas. This is a big question mark for socio-economic observers and practitioners of sakinah or Muslim families. In general, the main task of making a family living in Islam is assigned to the man (husband). Although it is justified that women (wives) earn a living (working) to help the family economy if the husband’s income is insufficient for family needs, provided that the woman in work does not bring shame, slander and harm to herself and the continuity of her household, and can maintain her honor by always covering aurat and keep away from things that produce salaries are not halal (haram). So a woman who is a family breadwinner in the view of Islamic economics is permitted, but that as an alternative to maintaining survival and domestic life with her husband and children, also does not violate her nature as a wife and mother for her children. This analysis arises because economic activity is a social activity, so the social is very closely related to the economy, also the Islamic economy and ocioeconomic family in Islam.