Causality constraints in Quadratic Gravity

Classifying consistent effective field theories for the gravitational interaction has recently been the subject of intense research. Demanding the absence of causality violation in high energy graviton scattering processes has led to a hierarchy of constraints on higher derivative terms in the Lagrangian. Most of these constraints have relied on analysis that is performed in general relativistic backgrounds, as opposed to a generic solution to the equations of motion which are perturbed by higher curvature operators. Hence, these constraints are necessary but may not be sufficient to ensure that the theory is consistent. In this context, we explore the so-called CEMZ causality constraints on Quadratic Gravity in a space of shock wave solutions beyond GR. We show that the Shapiro time delay experienced by a graviton is polarization-independent and positive, regardless of the strength of the gravitational couplings. Our analysis shows that as far as the causality constraints are concerned, albeit inequivalent to General Relativity due to additional propagating modes, Quadratic Gravity is causal as per as the diagnostic proposed by CEMZ.

AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIM VIOLATION IN SITUATIONAL COMEDY THE BIG BANG THEORY SEASON 11

In an effective and efficient communication, speakers and listeners are required to work together to build a good conversation by considering the principles proposed by HP Grice in 1975. He categorizes the maxim into four types, namely maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. This paper tries to find out the maxim violations and characters’ reason to violate it in situational comedy “The Big Bang Theory Season 11”. Qualitative method was used for this research. The result shows that there were 140 violated utterances found in 336 scenes from 12 episodes: violation of maxim quantity (31.4%), violation of maxim quality (17.1%), violation of maxim relation (27.8%), violation of maxim of manner (20%), and multiple maxim violation (3.5%). Also, the researcher found that some indicators to identify the reason of maxim violation based on the guidelines from Tupan and Natalia (2008) and Christoffersen (2005) were not found such as avoiding to hurt the hearer, building one’s believe, and convincing the hearer (violation of maxim quality), Do the wrong causality (violation of maxim relation), and voice is not loud enough (violation of maxim manner).Key words: Maxim Violation, Sitcom TBBT

On causality violation in Lyra Geometry

In this paper, the causality issues are discussed in a non-Riemannian geometry, called Lyra geometry. It is a non-Riemannian geometry originated from Weyl geometry. In order to compare this geometry with the Riemannian geometry, the Einstein field equations are considered. It is verified that the Gödel and Gödel-type metric are consistent with this non-Riemannian geometry. A non-trivial solution for Gödel universe in the absence of matter sources is determined without analogue in general relativity. Different sources are considered and then different conditions for causal and non-causal solutions are discussed.