Highlights of Newborn Resuscitation Science, 2020

In October 2020, the neonatal resuscitation science update was published with several new treatment guidelines. The changes are based on an extensive review of literature using the GRADE process, addressing 22 topics. Topics for the review of interest include initial oxygen concentration for term and preterm infants, suctioning for clear and meconium-stained liquor, use of sustained lung inflation for ventilation, appropriate route for drug delivery, and extent of duration of resuscitation.

Effects of Heterogeneous Reaction and Slow/Rapid Volatilization Process on N2O Formation During the Combustion of Pulverized Biomass

The purpose of this study is to clarify the fundamental and general features of N2O formation during the combustion of pulverized biomass under low temperature. First, the effect of various important factors, i.e., volatilization process (i.e., either slow or rapid dispersion), oxygen concentration, and solid-gas reaction on N2O formation were investigated by theoretical analysis. The analysis of the effect of the slow/rapid volatilization process on the formation of nitrous oxide showed that the conversion ratio of biomass-N to N2O increases with the decrease in the dispersion of volatile matter per unit time; it means that biomass-N is effectively converted to N2O during slow volatilization. The analysis of the effect of initial oxygen concentration on the formation of nitrous oxide showed that at low temperature (T = 1100K), the level of N2O emission increases, while that of NO emission decreases, with the decrease in initial oxygen concentration. In other words, there is a trade-off relationship between the formation of NO and that of N2O. With respect to the effect of solid-gas reaction, the gasification reactions between CO2, O2, and C(s) occur simultaneously on the surface of biomass particles during combustion. Further, the N2O emission level increases with the increase in N-content of the biomass, while the NO emission level remains constant during low-temperature combustion.

Lipid oxidation in margarine emulsions

Influence of different storage atmosphere (argon and oxygen atmosphere) and influence of monoacylglycerol’s emulsifier (with the carbon chain containing 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 carbon atoms and commercial emulsifier D and a model mixture of monoacylglycerols with the carbon chains containing 10, 12, 14 carbon atoms) on lipid oxidation in margarine emulsions were observed. The rate of lipid oxidation in emulsion with oxygen atmosphere depends on oxygen diffusion through the emulsion layer, while lipid oxidation in emulsion with inert atmosphere is influenced by initial oxygen concentration in water and fat phase. Lipid oxidation in emulsion also depends on acyl combination and the acyl length in emulsifier. Emulsions with monostearoylglycerol oxidized minimally while emulsions with a mixture of monoacylglycerols oxidized maximally.