“We Are All North Here”

This chapter explores e-waste burning work through the lens of labor migration, city–hinterland connections, and chieftaincy relations and politics. In particular, the chapter focuses on the story of one worker’s lived experience as a migrant e-waste laborer, husband, father, drummer, and member of a dominant regional chiefdom in northern Ghana. The chapter highlights how this worker and other e-waste workers navigate urban labor and marginalization in Accra, while at the same time sustaining social ties in northern Ghana where Dagomba chiefdoms hold local and regional political power. The chapter shows how narratives of migration and rural–urban livelihood can expose the integral role of social mobility and movement in e-waste ethnography in Ghana more generally.

The Role of Community Cooperative Institutions in Building Rural–Urban Linkages Under Urbanization of Pastoral Regions in China

In contrast to agricultural settings, the process of urbanization in the pastoral regions of China are largely driven by long-term influences of ecological conservation and the provision of social services. Consequently, many of the herders who have migrated into nearby secondary urban centers depend on resources from pastoral regions to support their livelihoods, forming complex patterns of rural–urban linkages. While current literature has discussed the processes of herder out-migration and their implications on rural and urban livelihood development, few studies have examined the linkages between the herders living in the pastoral regions and those who have out-migrated to urban regions and their importance in rural livelihood transformation. Based on past studies, we argue that, in a changing pastoral social–ecological system, herders living in both rural and urban regions depend on each other to support their livelihoods through three types of mobility: (1) livestock mobility, (2) herder mobility, and (3) resource mobility. However, what innovative institutions in rangeland resource management and herder economic cooperation can do to help maintain these three types of mobility to sustain rural livelihood development, becomes a critical challenge. Innovative community cooperative institutions developed by pastoral communities from the Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolia may be able to offer new perspective and insight on how to better maintain rural–urban linkages in the processes of urbanization in pastoral regions. In this current study will present the two cases of innovative institutions and the roles they play in facilitating the three types of mobility to address livelihood challenges. While current studies recommend an increase of government subsidies, provision of vocational training, and social insurance that help herders better adapt to urban livelihood, we argue that rangeland management and community economic cooperation in innovative institutions are needed to facilitate the mobility of livestock, resources, and the herder population, and maybe only then the livelihood challenges that migrated herders are facing will be addressed effectively.

Systematic Literature Review of Urban Poor Livelihoods in Malaysia

This paper aims to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to examine the urban poor livelihood analysis through the lens of Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) in Malaysia. SLA is a widely adopted framework for examining rural livelihoods globally and nationally, however, there are limited studies that have adopted the SLA to examine urban poor household livelihoods. Hence, this paper aims to fill a gap of knowledge on analysing sustainability of urban poor livelihoods in Malaysia. Adopting Transparent Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method known as PRISMA, the results of SLR revealed significant urban livelihood themes are financial, human, social and physical capitals. These findings help policymakers and local support groups in improving the current policies and to enhance the quality of life of the urban poor. Keywords: urban poor livelihoods, Malaysia, systematic literature review, Sustainable Livelihood Approach. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2273

LIVELIHOOD MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG PELANGI, GUNUNG BRINTIK, KOTA SEMARANG MELALUI PENDEKATAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN LIVELIHOOD (SUL)

The rapid growth of the population of Semarang City and the limited land for settlements resulted in the emergence of illegal slums. One of the government's efforts to revitalize the slum area by coloring Gunung Brintik village area which became known as Kampung Pelangi. Some slum revitalization programs in other countries have not succeeded in increasing residents’ livelihood. The purpose of this study was to examine the success of the government in improving the livelihood of Kampung Pelangi in Semarang City, through the Sustainable Urban Livelihood (SUL) approach with quantitative descriptive methods and scoring analysis techniques. The study was conducted at two different times; before the implementation of the Semarang City Government program (in 2016) and after the implementation (in 2018). As a control, Kampung Pandean was chosen because it had similar conditions but did not get any program from the government. The results showed that there was a change in the livelihood of the population in Kampung Pelangi include the quality of human capital, natural capital, social capital, and physical capital, while the condition of Kampung Pandean does not show any changes during 2016-2018. This change is not due to coloring but due to improvements in physical conditions.

Begging in the City: Complexities, Degree of Organization, and Embedded Risks

Until recently and despite its familiarity, begging in Ghanaian cities had been considered worthy of little attention. Despite the best efforts of a few academics to highlight the motives of beggars, critical analysis of the begging phenomenon within the spectrum of urban livelihood remains embryonic. This article unpacks the complexities, degree of organization, and embedded risks in street begging involving children in Kumasi, Ghana. The article draws on empirical evidence from 55 conveniently selected child beggars from five heavily congested locations and presents extensive review of existing scholarships on the phenomenon. The results reveal that child beggars adopt varied operational strategies to woo public sympathy. Begging strategies are mapped by adult escort who also counts the money as it is made. For many, begging has increasingly become a socially and economically constituted process that mediates how they deal with poverty and livelihood challenges. The beggars are also daily exposed to risky encounters but without any protection. We argue that stopping the phenomenon will require innovative approaches that go beyond conventional legislations.

Becoming a Diplômé in Kinshasa. Education at the Intersection of Politics and Urban Livelihoods

Like other cities around the globe where the state organizes exams, Kinshasa’s exétat shows the degree to which social difference and urban livelihood are intimately connected. However, despite the assumption that diplômés master book knowledge, recent changes in the practice of the exétat have transformed the meaning of a diplômé, turning that figure into a yankee, i.e., someone who possesses street knowledge that comes from experience with the informal and the illegal. More abstractly, the identity of a diplômé has become a signifier for the opposite of its taken-for-granted signified. Kinois society publicly acclaims the social and cultural capital attached to school degrees; however, most recent diplômés have obtained their degree through bribes and organized cheating.

About the Dynamic Model Formation of the Urban Livelihood System Compatible with the Biosphere

Here is presented an approach to the simulation of complex in its multicomponent structure for implementing the functions of city activity. The approach is based on the paradigm of the city compatibility with the Biosphere and phrased on the principles of its self-organization. A conceptual model of the urban livelihood system in the form of a multicomponent natural and technogenic structure is also described. A mathematical model of an open dynamic compatible with the Biosphere urban livelihood system with the choice of the governing parameters for management is developed.