PRAGMATIC MEANINGS OF JAVANESE PHATIC MARKER ‘SAMPUN’: CULTURE-SPECIFIC PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE

The Javanese phatic marker ‘sampun’ draws several interpretations to researchers. The variety of interpretation poses communication problems in the daily communication, especially for people that do not fully understand the Javanese language and culture. The data consisted of excerpts of utterances transcribed from the recording tape of full conversations containing the phatic ‘sampun’ as discourse markers. The data gathering methods employed in this research were observation and speaking methods. Both types of data gathering methods employed the basic and advanced techniques in their elaboration. After being classified and typified properly, the data was analyzed using the distributional analysis method and pragmatic identity method commonly used in a linguistic research. The research showed the following results namely (1)the cultural context to emphasize intention, (2) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s hope and expectation, (3) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to convince the hearer, (4) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to question the hearer, (5) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s intention to agree, (6) the cultural context to convey disappointment, (7) the cultural context to emphasize the speaker’s inconvenience.

The existence of Māyādanawa story in Bali

The research was intended to explore the existence of Māyādanawa story in Bali. A researcher is a key instrument in qualitative research, in addition to the researcher doing more research in the field. The primary data source of this study is the speech data, the instruments used in the study include (1) recording aids in the form of a recording tape to document Māyādanawa storytelling from informants; (2) oral data notes to anticipate loss or obscurity of data from the results of the recording; (3) cameras to document religious aspects related to the Māyādanawa story, unlike, the palinggih relics in the Tirta Empul Tampaksiring temple, the Māyādanawa tunnel/cave and the ritual activities at the holy sites and other related activities. Before conducting data collection, the researcher established good relations with the local community. Data collection was obtained using the methods of participatory observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data collection can be done by naturalistic observation and in-depth interviews or open-ended (or ethnographic in-depth interviews).

Lateral Friction Behavior of a Thin, Tensioned Tape Wrapped Over a Grooved Roller: Experiments and Theory

Effects of friction forces on the lateral dynamics of a magnetic recording tape, wrapped around a grooved roller are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Tape is modeled as a viscoelastic, tensioned beam subjected to belt-wrap pressure and friction forces. Including the effects of stick and slip and velocity dependence of the friction force render the tape's equation of motion nonlinear. In the experiments, tape was wrapped under tension around a grooved roller in a customized tape path. The tape running speed along the axial direction was set to zero, thus only the lateral effects were studied. The grooved roller was attached to an actuator, which moved the roller across the tape. Tests were performed in slow and fast actuation modes. The slow mode was used to identify an effective static, or breakaway, friction coefficient. In the fast mode, the roller was actuated with a 50 Hz sinusoid. The same effective friction coefficient was deduced from the fast actuation mode tests. This test mode also revealed a periodic stick–slip phenomenon. The stick-to-slip and slip-to-stick transitions occurred when the tape vibration speed matched the roller actuation speed. Both experiments and theory show that upon slip, tape vibrates primarily at its natural frequency, and vibrations are attenuated relatively fast due to frictional and internal damping. This work also shows that an effective friction coefficient can be described that captures the complex interactions in lateral tape motion (LTM) over a grooved roller.