Evaluation of rheological parameters of dough with ferrous lactate and ferrous gluconate

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect ferrous gluconate and ferrous lactate on the rheological be- haviour of dough from a high extraction rate. For fortification of wheat flour, we used iron ions in a divalent form in amounts of 3, 4, and 5 mg/100 g. To record the rheological characteriscics of the fortified wheat flour dough, Farino- graph, Amilograph, Falling Number, Rheofermentometer, and Thermo Haake Mars dynamic rheometer were applied. The Farinograph did not show significant changes in the water absortion values in the samples with ferrous salts. As for dough development time and dough stability, small amounts of ferrous additives increased and large amounts de- creased those parameters. The effect was more significant in the samples with ions from gluconate form than from lactate salt. The Amylograph recorded an increased peak viscosity with an increasing ferrous salt quantity. That was the case for both ferrous salt forms. The increased was in a similar way for both types of ferrous salt forms used. The total CO volume production and the retention coefficient obtained with the help of the Rheofermentometer device increased in the dough samples with 3 and 4 mg of iron/100 g. However, the addition of 5 mg of iron decreased those indicarors. The decrease was more significant for iron ions from ferrous ferrous gluconate than from ferrous lactate. The fundamental rheological properties of the dough were analysed by using a frequency sweep and oscillatory tem- perature sweep test. Ferrous lactate and ferrous gluconate influenced both the fundamental and empirical rheological properrties og the dough in similar way.

Impact of ferrous iron dosing on iron and phosphorus solids speciation and transformation in a pilot scale membrane bioreactor

Dosing of a pilot scale MBR with a ferrous salt for P removal results in a mix of FePO4(s)and P adsorbed to amorphous iron oxyhydroxides. Increase in the proportion of FePO4(s)is desired given the higher ratio of P : Fe in the biosolids produced.

Cost analysis and price variation of commonly used drugs in obstetrics and gynecology in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan, India

Background: Drugs used in obstetrics and gynecology are strong selling drugs in pharmaceutical market but they are the least studied drugs in terms of cost analysis and price variation.Methods: Cost of most commonly used Obstetrics and Gynecology drugs in Jhalwar district manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from Drug Today (January-March 2018). The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in cost per 10 tablets/10 capsule/1 injection/1 protein packet/1 sachet were analysed.Results: In Obstetrics drugs, the highest cost ratio (1:9.5) and percentage price variation (848) was found for Ferrous Salt + Folic acid combination followed by Cefixime (1:4.3, 330), Nifedipine (1:3.7, 270), Folic acid (1:3.67, 266), Paracetamol. Amoxicillin was having least cost ratio (1:1.4) and percentage price variation (37). Maximum number of brand available for Ferrous Salt + Folic acid combination (41) followed by Paracetamol, Calcium Salt + Vitamin D3 combination. In Gynecological drugs, the highest cost ratio (1:35) and percentage price variation (3433) was found for Ethinylestradiol + Levonorgetral combination followed by Doxycycline (1:8.9, 793), Fluconazole. Metronidazole was having least cost ratio (1:1.3) and percentage price variation (27). Maximum number of brand available for Omeperazole (27) followed by Ethamsylate (22).Conclusions: This study shows that the average percentage price variation of different brands of the same drugs were very wide. Improved adherence to the drug treatment can be ensured by decreasing the cost of therapy, which can be done by changes in the government policies and regulations, integrating pharmacoeconomics as part of medical education curriculum, and creating awareness among treating physicians for switching to cost effective therapy.

OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR FENTON OXIDATION AND COMPARISON OF RECYCLE WET AND DRIED FENTON SLUDGE IN TREATING PALM OIL MILL SECONDARY EFFLUENT

This paper reports on the potential use of wet and dried Fenton sludge in replacement of the ferrous salt in treating Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) sample. The aims of this study were to characterize the Fenton sludge and to compare the performances of wet and dried Fenton sludge as iron sources in treating POMSE. The Fenton sludge were used to replace the Ferrous salt in R1- R5 and the results were compared with treatment used only H2O2 (non-catalyze). The optimum condition was run prior to tests and was found to be pH 3, H2O2/COD 1.59 (weight ratio) and Fe/COD 1.0 (weight ratio). Findings showed the removal of COD, color, turbidity and TSS in recycle wet Fenton sludge were ranging from 62% - 79%, 24% - 50%, 46% -74% and 62% - 73% respectively, while dried Fenton sludge treatment were ranging from 34% - 40%, 26% - 43%, 39% - 45% and 54% - 57% respectively. On the other hand, treatment with H2O2 showed approximately 60% removal for both COD and color while approximately 79% for both turbidity and TSS respectively. In conclusion recycled wet Fenton sludge treatment demonstrated higher removal of contaminant compared to the recycle dried Fenton sludge treatment.