Robustness of complex networks with both unidirectional and bidirectional links against cascading failures

The robustness of complex networks against cascading failures has been of great interest, while most of the researchers have considered undirected networks. However, to be more realistic, a part of links of many real systems should be described as unidirectional. In this paper, by applying three link direction-determining (DD) strategies, the tolerance of cascading failures is investigated in various networks with both unidirectional and bidirectional links. By extending the utilization of a classical global betweenness method, we propose a new cascading model, taking into account the weights of nodes and the directions of links. Then, the effects of unidirectional links on the network robustness against cascaded attacks are examined under the global load-based distribution mechanism. The simulation results show that the link-directed methods could not always lead to the decrease of the network robustness as indicated in the previous studies. For small-world networks, these methods certainly make the network weaker. However, for scale-free networks, the network robustness can be significantly improved by the link-directed method, especially for the method with non-random DD strategies. These results are independent of the weight parameter of the nodes. Due to the strongly improved robustness and easy realization with low cost on networks, the method for enforcing proper links to the unidirectional ones may be useful for leading to insights into the control of cascading failures in real-world networks, like communication and transportation networks.

Enhancing traffic capacity of scale-free networks by link-directed strategy

The transport efficiency of a network is strongly related to the underlying structure. In this paper, we propose an efficient strategy named high-betweenness-first (HBF) for the purpose of improving the traffic handling capacity of scale-free networks by limiting a fraction of undirected links to be unidirectional ones based on the links’ betweenness. Compared with the high-degree-first (HDF) strategy, the traffic capacity can be more significantly enhanced under the proposed link-directed strategy with the shortest path (SP) routing protocol. Simulation results in the Barabási–Albert (BA) model for scale-free networks show that the critical generating rate [Formula: see text] which can evaluate the overall traffic capacity of a network system is larger after applying the HBF strategy, especially with nonrandom direction-determining rules. Because of the strongly improved traffic capacity, this work is helpful to design and optimize modern communication networks such as the software defined network.

KEPEMIMPINAN VISIONER (Studi Multi Kasus di SD Unggulan Al-Ya’lu Malang dan SD I Alam Bilingual Surya Buana Malang)

<p>Visioner Leadership is formulate, transform, perform, and actuate ideal opinions from their self and social interaction between school citizen and stakeholder as school idea in the next period. Whereas, the goal of qualitative research with multicases characteristicto describe visioner leadership characteristic<strong> </strong>in<strong> </strong>“SD UnggulanAl-Ya’lu Malang dan SDI Alam Bilingual Surya Buana Malang”, describe visioner leadhership, develop visioner soul, and comparation of two institute. This research explain, that visioner leadership characteristic of two institute this, have integrity soul, adaptation soul, direction determining, positive thinking, dicipline, competition tradition. Two modals in elementary school to improve leadership soul based on personifacation of visi and leadership head master referency, values, and believing, reward, and ripeness of teacher emotion, self evaluation, and arrange development planning of human resoucess. Whereas, visionelization leadership emphasize the different superiority one each other. Leadership is strengthen superiority tradition for school citizen. History prove school dispersion caused leadership fading which not strengthen perspective that become point of institute development.</p>

Visualising the Response of Distance Relays in the Series Compensated Transmission System - Understanding the Problems and some Practical Solutions.

This paper discusses problems and the possible solutions for protecting series compensated transmission line with distance relays. The paper also takes into consideration the influence of the series compensation on the distance relays installed on the short lines adjacent to the compensated line. Starting from visualising the response of the distance relays, the paper proposes some simple but novel methods to secure and improve the distance relay response. The methods include new impedance and direction determining techniques, placement of CVT and setting considerations. The material presented in this paper is based on the authors experience in protecting series compensated lines with distance relays.

Raft-mediated Trafficking of Apical Resident Proteins Occurs in Both Direct and Transcytotic Pathways in Polarized Hepatic Cells: Role of Distinct Lipid Microdomains

In polarized hepatic cells, pathways and molecular principles mediating the flow of resident apical bile canalicular proteins have not yet been resolved. Herein, we have investigated apical trafficking of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked and two single transmembrane domain proteins on the one hand, and two polytopic proteins on the other in polarized HepG2 cells. We demonstrate that the former arrive at the bile canalicular membrane via the indirect transcytotic pathway, whereas the polytopic proteins reach the apical membrane directly, after Golgi exit. Most importantly, cholesterol-based lipid microdomains (“rafts”) are operating in either pathway, and protein sorting into such domains occurs in the biosynthetic pathway, largely in the Golgi. Interestingly, rafts involved in the direct pathway are Lubrol WX insoluble but Triton X-100 soluble, whereas rafts in the indirect pathway are both Lubrol WX and Triton X-100 insoluble. Moreover, whereas cholesterol depletion alters raft-detergent insolubility in the indirect pathway without affecting apical sorting, protein missorting occurs in the direct pathway without affecting raft insolubility. The data implicate cholesterol as a traffic direction-determining parameter in the direct apical pathway. Furthermore, raft-cargo likely distinguishing single vs. multispanning membrane anchors, rather than rafts per se (co)determine the sorting pathway.

Collision Detection for Assembly Planning Using Solid Modelling

Details of a method for detecting collision of two parts when one is moved along a direction are discussed in this paper. Reduced number of grid points and the rays emit from these points to detect the intersection of a moving part with a fixed part, is the main advantage of this method comparing with the previous works in the literature. The intersection of rays, sent from a plane considerably far from both parts, with the faces of moving and fixed part are detected in this methods. If any ray intersects the moving part before intersecting the fixed part, the moving part will collide with the fixed part in that direction. Determining the starting point of the rays and detecting intersection of rays with the parts are also discussed in this paper.