Commodity Exchange in the First Months of Soviet Power with Participation of Consumer Cooperation (January – April, 1918)

The food crisis in Russia arose during the years of the First World War. The tsarist government and the Provisional Government tried to solve this problem, but to no avail. The food crisis, as it was by inheritance, passed to the Soviet regime. All authorities had to solve the food problem in the conditions of constant military and revolutionary upheavals, and this problem, from the socio-economic, passed into the political sphere. Famine predetermined revolutionary upheaval in the country. The article covers the period from January to April, 1918. At this time the Austro-German army advances in southern Russia. The military, political, and socio-economic situation of the new government was extremely difficult. The Soviet government had to support the grain monopoly introduced by the tsarist and confirmed by the Provisional Governments, although it was not officially confirmed and even introduced by the new government. To strengthen its position, the Soviet government took a number of measures to resolve the food problem. The most important, even the main one was the exchange of goods between the city and the village. It was necessary to save the urban population from hunger, to supply the army with food. It should be noted that the initial measures including in the exchange policy of the Soviet government were not of a violent nature. The country had industrial reserves for commodity exchange in the country: manu- factory, high-grade iron, etc. remaining from tsarism. Everything was sent to the village. There is an opinion that the Soviet government gave industrial products to the peasantry for nothing and that was true. But commodity exchange made it possible to alleviate the food crisis in the cities, feed the army, and politically strengthen the Soviet power. For the exchange of goods, it was necessary to attract various regulatory bodies of the country that were engaged in the procurement and distribution of bread. This article highlights the role of consumer cooperation, which was underexplored in the historical literature, in the commodity exchange. Specific examples, facts and figures are given for the bread producing provinces in southern Russia.

FOOD CRISIS AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL PROTEST IN SUMMER - AUTUMN 1917 (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE KOSTROMA PROVINCE)

The article examines the problem of the food issue, as one of the main factors in the growth of social tension in the province, in the period from summer to October 1917. The Provisional Government tried to carry out rescue measures, but they were all unsuccessful. Continuing the tsarist policy of requisitioning grain and cattle, the authorities only inflamed public discontent. The mobilization of the male population to the front, as well as the return of the migrant peasants to their native village, created the preconditions for a social explosion. From August 1917, the crisis was transferred from the countryside to the city, where factories and factories began to strike. The provincial authorities are passively reacting to this process, not taking any measures to eliminate the food problem. Ultimately, the broad masses of the people begin to lean towards the opposition parties, which, in their opinion, could solve these pressing issues. Based on materials from periodicals and archival sources, the author shows the growth of popular unrest in the Kostroma Province in the pre-revolutionary period of 1917 and comes to the conclusion that the food crisis played one of the main roles in the October Revolution.

POTENTIAL MAPPING AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES TO MITIGATION OF FOOD PROBLEM IN THE FUTURE

Catastrophic climate changes that have a negative impact in various fields including agriculture. The research objective is "Potential Mapping Agricultural Commodities to Mitigation of Food Problem in the Future". The research method is quantitative and qualitative. Methods of data collection using field research and literature. The population and the sample is a land unit and village units. Land units determine the suitability of land. The village unit collects socio economic data. The analysis technique used Location Question, Shift Share, Focus Group Discussion and spatial analysis. Spatial analysis using Arc GIS. The findings can be used to mitigate future food problems and analyze policies. The results showed rice plants has S1 class (Very Suitable). Corn, chili, orange and banana land suitability S2 (Suitable), onion is S3 (Marginal Suitable). Priority 1 rice commodity in Ayuang Village. Priority 2 Corn in Banua Binjai. Priority 3 that Chilli in the village of Awang Besar. Results LQ corn and chili have bases sector, other sectors have the non-base. Shift-share value is negative (-) except Chili. FGD results show developed commodity rice, corn, and chili. The development of leading sectors followed by marketing and processing can increase revenue. Limitations of the research do not examine pests that have the potential to cause crop failure.

ISSUES OF FOOD SUPPLY OF THE POPULATION OF KAZAKHSTAN IN 1920-1930 yy.

The article is devoted to the study of food supply for the population of Kazakhstan in 1920-1930. The author gives a generalized description of the problems associated with the shortage of consumer goods. Considerable attention is paid to the main reasons that influenced the low degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. Based on a wide range of sources, social changes in the behavior of Sharua peasants in the context of an aggravated food problem are shown. As a result, it was determined that the export of raw materials, food, income from agriculture, which were the main sources of financing for industrialization, led not only to an aggravation of the crisis situation in agriculture, but, as a result, to massive famine.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION AS AN AGGRAVATING FACTOR OF THE GLOBAL FOOD PROBLEM

This article is devoted to the study of the impact of gender discrimination on malnutrition in the world, which has not lost its relevance for many years. The aim of the work is to identify the correlation between the level of tension of the global food problem and the degree of involvement of women in all spheres of human life, in particular the economy, on an equal basis with men. To achieve this goal, the authors identified the factors that contribute to world hunger, of which gender discrimination as an issue unresolved over decades was analyzed. In order to understand the importance of the gender issue, the paper presents facts and indicators that show that in many countries of the world the gap in rights between men and women actually exists. Without denying the possibility of the existence of the individual cases of gender discrimination against men, the authors consider women as the discriminated party. The work demonstrates women's contribution to world food security and identifies the limitations associated with different types of discrimination that prevent women from realizing their potential in this regard. Possible cases for both male and female gender were studied as well as cases related exclusively to women's physiological features.