The Distribution of Surface Karst Features in the Bakony Region (Transdanubian Mountains, Hungary)

The surface karst of the Bakony Region is described. VES measurements were applied to study the cover and the morphology of the bedrock. A karstmorphological mapping was also performed. A relation was established between the karst types and block types in the mountains. The karstification of the mountains was affected by the block structure of the mountains, the mounds of the uneven bedrock, the presence of superficial deposits and their young denudation. As a result of the above mentioned facts, the karst of the mountains is varied. Soil-covered karst is widespread in the mountains, but the specific features of this type (solution dolines) only occur on threshold surfaces at the margin of the mountains and on dolomite. The concealed karst was mainly formed on horsts elevated to summit position, but it can also be found on threshold surfaces and on horsts in summit position. Its features are subsidence dolines and depressions of superficial deposit. Cryptokarst and buried karst can be created by gravelly cover or basalt. Where the cover is gravel, epigenetic valleys develop with opened-up phreatic cavities. Where the cover is basalt, ponors develop at its margin, while inside, where the basalt thins out, caprock dolines are formed.

The effects of intensive rainfalls (flash floods) on the development on the landforms in the Kőszeg Mountains (Hungary)

The effects of the intensive rainfall episodes in the years 2009 and 2010 in the Kőszeg Mountains were investigated. Channel profiles were constructed at various times during these periods, which were used to describe the channel changes. We measured the length of the incised and filled sections on multiple occasions. We could establish the degree and the direction of the changes using this data. The sediment veneer that developed in the area of Kőszeg town was mapped and its conditions of development were examined. The erosion and accumulation landforms developed during these years were classified and described. These forms are the following: rills, gullies, alluvial fans and sediment veneer. We distinguished and characterised those which had previously formed, but they were changed or increased (the channels). We established the conditions under which the sediment veneer can develop, furthermore those conditions which can increase the chance of the formation of this landform. These conditions are the following: the high density of roads in the catchment areas of valleys leading to settlements, the great thickness of superficial deposit, and the steep slope of the surface of the catchment area. We created theoretical classification of the morphological environment where the development of sediment veneer may happen and identified settlements with structures which promote or prevent the development of the sediment veneer. We determined the probability of the development of the sediment veneer at some settlements in Kőszeg, and suggestions have been given to decrease the chance of the development of this sediment veneer.

An integration of aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity methods in dam site investigation

Aeromagnetic map and electrical resistivity sounding data obtained along eight traverses were examined at two sites across the Katsina‐Ala River. The principal goals of this exercise were to define depths to the bedrock, bedrock relief, geologic structures, define the nature of the superficial deposit, and select probable minor and major axes for hydroelectric power dams. The aeromagnetic map shows that the basement rocks trend roughly northeast‐southwest, which correlates with the strike of foliation measurements made on rock outcrops along the river channel. A network of cross cutting lineaments, suspected to be faults/fractures that trend approximately northeast/southwest and northwest/southeast, was also delineated from the magnetic map. The depths to the bedrock estimated from resistivity depth sounding data at site I generally vary from 1–53.1 m. Depths to the bedrock estimated at site II range from 1.9–19.5 m. The superficial deposit varies from clay to sandy clay, to clayey sand (with boulders in places), and to sand and laterite. The bedrock relief is relatively flat and gently undulates along most of the traverses, with an overall dip towards the river channel. Traverses E-F or I‐J at site I and K-L at site II are probable dam axes. These traverses are characterized by relatively thin overburden thicknesses and rock heads dipping toward the river channel, thereby reducing the likelihood of water seepages from the flanks of the proposed dam axes.