EDUCATION LEVEL OF WOMEN AND MANIFESTATIONS OF BIRTH RATE DECLINE: THE RELEVANT CHALLENGES IN ARMENIA

This article is dedicated to the study of the interrelation between the education level of women and the birth rate. One of the essential lessons in the demographic history of the world countries is that the high birth rate recorded during the last century was temporary; it is already evident that the world birth rate has halved and tends to decline further. The level of education and employment of women are among the factors that underlie the decrease in the birth rate. Numerous studies prove that this relation is reversed. Like some other countries in the world, there is narrow reproduction in Armenia, which is mainly caused by changes in the education level, employment, mindset of women and their role in the family.

Features of organized educational activities in different age groups in preschool institutions

The need to increase the number of kindergartens is associated with a high birth rate. To solve this problem, the construction of kindergartens in the regions is being intensively carried out. However, the insufficient number of kindergartens leads to the opening of different age groups. This article discusses the features of the organization of educational activities of different age groups in preschool institutions, taking into account the observance of the day in accordance with the age characteristics of children. There are a number of questions on the problem of studying the features of organized educational activities in different age groups in preschool institutions, the author of the article, based on the scientific works of scientists O.E.Smirnova, V.N.Avanesova, L.L.Timofeeva, etc.defines them.

ANTISPERMATOGENIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CALINA PAPAYA LEAVES ON SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES WISTAR RATS

Indonesia is a country with high birth rate and the rate continues to increase each year. Methods to reduce high birth rate are needed, especially herbal based contraceptives. This research aims to study the possibility of Calina papaya leaf ethanolic extract as an antispermatogenic agent which hopefully could be expanded into natural antifertiliy drug candidate. Research was done using 24 white male Wistar rats divided into four groups. Dosages were given as follows: 0 mg/Kg W (control group), 100 mg/Kg W (P1), 200 mg/Kg W (P2) and 300 mg/Kg W (P3). Treatment was given in 30 days period. Rats were sacrificed on Day 31 and the testes were taken. Testes were then made into histological specimen using paraffin block and stained using Haematoxylin-Eosin. The diameter and surface area of seminiferous tubules, lumen surface area, and spermatogenesis index were then observed. Results showed that there is a significant difference (p0.05) on lumen surface area and spermatogenesis index between control and treatment groups. It is also found that the optimum dosage given to attain the desirable effect is 300 mg/Kg W. There is no significant difference found on surface area and diameter of tubulus seminiferous between control and treatment group (p0.05). Based on the results, papaya leaf (Calina variety) ethanolic extract has the potential a natural antispermatogenic with the optimum dose of 300 mg/Kg W.

A citizen of Byzantium in the «valley of the shadow of death» (Psalm 22:4).

The article attempts to generalize the ideas of specialists in Byzantine Studies about the causes and levels of mortality in Byzantium. Studies show that the average life expectancy was quite typical of ancient and medieval society and did not differ from the Neolithic era. Usually death occurred within 20-40 years, in the most productive period of life. Thus, Byzantine society remained quite young. With a high birth rate, the number of children who reached adulthood usually did not exceed two per family. Premature deaths were caused by epidemics of infectious diseases, environmental, natural disasters, accidents, murders, and wars. In the last case, 90% of the deaths were due to disease, starvation and cold, and not to the battle. In general, the Byzantine rulers, representatives of secular and ecclesiastical authorities behaved very wisely, trying to avoid excessive violence and human loss.

Birth Rate in Siberia on the Eve of Collectivization: Delayed Demographic Transition

The final period of the NEP is characterized by a high birth rate in the country, especially among the rural population. The period was not sufficiently considered by researchers, because it was necessary to compare demographics with the subsequent development of events. Such a comparison was dangerous because of party dictatorship and an attempt to hide or ignore the demographic catastrophe in the country during the collectivization. The population of Siberia maintained the traditional demographic behavior in the reproductive sphere. Land relations in the village, which stimulated the growth of families, early and productive work of young generation in small-scale farming were economic mechanisms that allowed to maintain a high birth rate. In cities but the practice of restricting childbearing was becoming more widespread. The population was well acquainted with the methods of regulating childbearing. The demographic rapid growth observed in the late 20s of the twentieth century could only be prolonged in one case: the refusal to modernize village.

Gambaran Karakteristik Akseptor Keluarga Berencana (KB) Metode Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang (MKJP) di Desa Payaman

Indonesia have a problem on the number one of quality human resources with the high birth rate each year. In these improvements, it is necessary to increase the degree of life with development and Family Planning (FP). The purpose of this study was to determine description of characteristic FP MKJP acceptors in Payaman village, Ngraho, Bojonegoro. This research was descriptive analytic with quantitative approach. The data were collected using structured questioners to 243 mothers and 213 fathers in Payaman village. The variable that used in this study was age, education, job, hospital sheet, type of contraseption tools and time used contraseption tools. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis. The result of this study was determine that mayority of populations in Payaman Village, Ngraho Subdistrict, Bojonegoro City has follow FP’s program. The description of characteristic FP acceptors that use MKJP method in Payaman Village, Ngraho Subdistrict, Bojonegoro City were 15–45 years old (61%), has job as a farmer (78%), has a low education (66%) An using IUD as contraseption tools with using period more than 6 years (90%). From this explanation the result of the variable shows that there is no differences risks between FP MKJP and non MKJP.

Spatial Diversification of Selected Demographic Phenomena in Polish Communes

Demographic potential constitutes one of the most important aspects of socioeconomic development by exerting impact on the growth potential and directions of the policy carried out at local and regional level. The areas concentrating young people, characterized by high birth rate and a positive migration balance gain growth potential not only for their current but also longterm development. The objective of the article is to present spatial diversification of the selected demographic phenomena in the crosssection of Polish communes in 2011 as well as to indicate areas presenting high and low growth potential.

Characterization of migration flows in the Tomsk Region and their role in formation of the demographic situation

Starting from 1992, the demographic situation in the Tomsk Region is characterized by a decrease of the population. It is mostly affected by the natural migration of population. The tendency of increase (decrease) in the birth rate is mostly determined by the past period. Thus, from 2000, the stable growth of the birth rate is observed in the Tomsk Region mostly due to the high birth rate in the early 1980s. On the average, the influence of the past period becomes visible in birth-rate indices 23–25 years later.

The Maltese in Sydney

Emigration has long acted as a safety valve for the overpopulated island-fortress of Malta. Consequently, the Maltese diaspora has expanded to lands far beyond the island’s Mediterranean shores.Before Malta became an industrialised, economically viable and independent nation in the mid- 1960s, it could not sustain its high level of population, due to limited land space, a high birth rate and no natural resources. Its main assets were its people – their skills, ingenuity, willingness to work hard, and thriftiness – qualities which emigrants quickly put to good use on arrival in Australia and elsewhere.Today, many believe that Australians of Maltese birth and descent exceed the number of Maltese in the Maltese Islands themselves. The 2006 census for Maltese by ancestry in NSW stood at 61,528, of whom 49,169, or 80 per cent, reside in metropolitan Sydney. Today, among the top 30 languages spoken in NSW, Maltese ranks as the 16th. Second- and third-generation Australian Maltese are three times as numerous as the Malta-born population.