Optimization of operating modes of the main oil pipeline according to the criterion of minimum costs for electric energy payment

Рассматривается вопрос о выборе оптимального плана эксплуатации технологического участка магистрального нефтепровода при различных производительностях. В качестве критерия оптимальности принимается минимум суммарных денежных затрат на оплату потребляемой электрической энергии. При изменении планов поставок нефти приходится решать вопрос, является ли новый вводимый режим оптимальным, какова будет величина требуемой дополнительной или неизрасходованной электроэнергии, какие поправки требуется вносить в заявку на электроэнергию. В этой связи определение корректного способа вычисления и сравнения энергопотребления при планировании режимов работы магистрального нефтепровода для разных, изменяющихся планов перекачки является актуальной и важной задачей. Предлагается двухэтапный алгоритм определения оптимального графика работы технологического участка нефтепровода путем решения задачи линейного программирования, сформулированной таким образом, чтобы учесть все особенности расчета стоимости потребленной электрической энергии. Приводится пример расчета с использованием предлагаемого алгоритма. The article considers the issue of choosing the optimal operating schedule for the technological section of the main oil pipeline at various pumping capacities. The optimality criterion is the minimum of total monetary expenses for payment of electric energy consumed for the oil pumping process. It is necessary to decide whether the new regime being introduced is optimal, what amount of additional or unspent electricity will be required, and how much it is needful to adjust the electricity demand when changing oil-pumping plans. In this regard, determining how to correctly calculate and compare energy consumption when planning the operation modes of the main oil pipeline for different, changing pumping plans is an urgent and important task. A two-stage algorithm for determining the optimal operating schedule of the oil pipeline technological section is proposed. The proposed method consists in solving a linear programming problem formulated in a way that takes into account all features of calculating the cost of consumed electrical energy. An illustrative example of calculation using the proposed algorithm is given.

Effects of a Battery Energy Storage System on the Operating Schedule of a Renewable Energy-Based Time-of-Use Rate Industrial User under the Demand Bidding Mechanism of Taipower

Due to the increased development of the smart grid, it is becoming crucial to have an efficient energy management system for a time-of-use (TOU) rate industrial user in Taiwan. In this paper, an extension of the direct search method (DSM) is developed to deal with the operating schedule of a TOU rate industrial user under the demand bidding mechanism of Taipower. To maximize the total incentive obtained from the Taiwan Power Company (TPC, namely Taipower), several operational strategies using a battery energy storage system (BESS) are evaluated in the study to perform peak shaving and realize energy conservation. The effectiveness of the proposed DSM algorithm is validated with the TOU rate industrial user of the TPC. Numerical experiments are carried out to provide a favorable indication of whether to invest in a BESS for the renewable energy-based TOU rate industrial user in order to execute the demand bidding program (DBP).

Study The advantage of variable speed pumps Economically in pumping water lines using genetic algorithms

This study includes a comparison between the use of fixed and variable speed VSP pumps, in terms of investment cost, through finding the operating schedule of pumps, for three pumping stations, using the method of genetic algorithms. The use of VSP pumps will reduce the investment costs of the Water project by more than 15%, in relation to the use of fixed speed pumps (FSP) with the same speed, pressure, discharge and engine speed . The FSP has been modified to become a VSP, using a Variable Frequency drive

APPLICATION OF THE KAIZEN 5S METHOD FOR THE LAYOUT OF THE WAREHOUSE SECTION

Warehouse as a place that is burdenedwith the task of and items to be used inproduction, until the goods are requestedaccording to the operating schedule. Thepurpose of this study is to find out how toplace, group, and compile items to be orderly.The average results in preparing the PO afterimplementation are proven to be faster thanbefore implementation, so Ho is rejected.Statistical test results with an average ratiothat shows the average time beforeimplementation is 16.37 and the results afterimplementation are 2.04 and it is obviouslythat after implementation there has been asignificant decrease in the service of purchaseorders (PO) more fast.

Philosophy and Evolution of Wayside Signals

This paper begins with examining the fundamental nature of wayside signals and considers the first know signaling practices used to communicate the condition of the track ahead to the train engineer. The principle of wayside signals is to keep trains separated and to provide knowledge of the conditions ahead; speed and routing information. Most railways have gone through many different evolutions of signals and practices some driven by railway mergers which drove the operating rules. This consistently required changes within the training of locomotive engineers assigned operate trains within their territory. This paper will focus on a few transitions between signal types, the specific makeups and effectiveness of wayside signals since the beginning of railway signals in the early 1830s. Starting with the term “High Ball” not related to a popular drink known today, but a raising of a large ball into the air that could be seen from afar instructing a train his status to train operating schedule. Later, signals were developed to provide the train engineer the status of the track ahead by dividing the track into short sections. This allowed the track section to be labeled as “occupied” a train present or “un-occupied”, train not present within the track section. Wayside signals continued to be advanced such that today’s standards, aspects (mimicking the wayside signals) are displayed within the operating cab providing the indication directly to the engineer. As we continue forward, wayside signals have been reduced and in the future, they may be only in a museum next to the cassette player.

COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE COST OF CENTRALIZED AND SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Central and split systems are the two most common air conditioning (AC) systems used in residential applications. Central system employs one large unit to produce and distribute conditioned air through a system of ductwork. On the other hand, the split system, employs several small ACs. Each AC consisted of outdoor and indoor units to produce conditioned air directly to the designed area. Each system has distinct strengths and weaknesses. Depending on the structure of cooling area and operating schedule, the performance of each system will be different. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of various parameters such as operating schedule and building characteristics to the performance of central and split AC systems over the 25 years of their operation. The life cycle analysis (LCA) considered essential factors which have significant impact on the energy consumption and both initial and operating costs of the two systems. All required sections of life cycle analysis are included according to the relevant Australian Standards. The results indicated that under standard operating conditions, central system is more economical and energy efficient than split system. However, when the flexibility in operation of split system is considered, there was a significant reduction in its operating cost, which was below that of central system. Overall, total life cycle cost of split system was slightly lower than central system. Also, considering the usage flexibility and the comfort of users, it appears that the split system is more suitable than the central AC system for residential buildings.