A Vocabulary Size Test of Controlled Productive Ability

It is important in the design of the vocabulary component of a teaching program that teachers are able to discover the state of their learners' vocabulary knowledge. It is also important that researchers can draw on a variety of vocabulary measures to investigate the nature of vocabulary growth. This study focuses on a controlled production measure of vocabulary consisting of items from five frequency levels, and using a completion item type like the following. The garden was full of fra flowers. The controlled-production vocabulary-levels test was found to be reliable, valid (in that the levels distinguished between different proficiency groups) and practical. There was a satisfactory degree of equivalence between two equivalent forms of the test. © 1999 Arnold.

A Vocabulary Size Test of Controlled Productive Ability

It is important in the design of the vocabulary component of a teaching program that teachers are able to discover the state of their learners' vocabulary knowledge. It is also important that researchers can draw on a variety of vocabulary measures to investigate the nature of vocabulary growth. This study focuses on a controlled production measure of vocabulary consisting of items from five frequency levels, and using a completion item type like the following. The garden was full of fra flowers. The controlled-production vocabulary-levels test was found to be reliable, valid (in that the levels distinguished between different proficiency groups) and practical. There was a satisfactory degree of equivalence between two equivalent forms of the test. © 1999 Arnold.

Using Probabilistic Approach to Evaluate the Total Population Density on Coarse Grids

Evaluation of the population density in many ecological and biological problems requires a satisfactory degree of accuracy. Insufficient information about the population density, obtained from sampling procedures negatively, impacts on the accuracy of the estimate. When dealing with sparse ecological data, the asymptotic error estimate fails to achieve a reliable degree of accuracy. It is essential to investigate which factors affect the degree of accuracy of numerical integration methods. When the number of traps is less than the recommended threshold, the degree of accuracy will be negatively affected. Therefore, available numerical integration methods cannot guarantee a satisfactory degree of accuracy, and in this sense the error will be probabilistic rather than deterministic. In other words, the probabilistic approach is used instead of the deterministic approach in this instance; by considering the error as a random variable, the chance of obtaining an accurate estimation can be quantified. In the probabilistic approach, we determine a threshold number of grid nodes required to guarantee a desirable level of accuracy with the probability equal to one.

Measuring the success level of public-private partnership transportation infrastructure projects in vietnam using fuzzy topsis method

Public–Private Partnership (PPP) has emerged as an effective procurement in delivering infrastructure and public service in many countries over the world since last few decades. It brought more benefits for sustainable development compared to traditional procurement in many developing countries. However, in order to determine whether a project is successful or not has still remained an ambiguous perception. Therefore, this study will rank the successful level for PPP transportation infrastructure projects in Vietnam via case studies. Fifteen success criteria were identified by the comprehensive review. The fuzzy TOPSIS method was then applied to evaluate and rank the success level for case studies. The result showed that project 2 is considered as the most successful until this recent time with a satisfactory degree of 0.489. Project 1 and project 3 are ranked second and third with a satisfactory degree of 0.482 and 0.435, respectively. Although the projects were judged as effective. Nevertheless, the success index of these expressway project still lower than 0.5. Therefore, project managers need to propose effective solutions to improve the success of these projects in the future. This result can help participants to be a good insight into the PPP project success in developing countries in general and Vietnam in particular.

Martyrius-Sakhdona: A Review of Sources and Studies

Настоящий обзор имеет целью предоставление сведений о Мартирии-Сахдоне как авторе аскетических сочинений: рассмотрены источники биографических сведений о нём и исследования его биографии, основные рукописные источники его сочинений и их издания, а также исследования, посвящённые догматическому и аскетическому учению этого автора. В хронологическом порядке прослеживается история изучения мысли Мартирия-Сахдоны: излагаются разные мнения исследователей и изменение преобладающих суждений по данному предмету. Отмечается достаточно удовлетворительная степень полноты изучения данного автора и, вместе с тем, нерешённость некоторых вопросов и несогласие исследователей друг с другом. The review is meant for giving information about Martyrius-Sahdona as the author of the ascetic writings: there are considered the sources of his biographical information and the researches of his biography, the main manuscript sources of his writings and their editions, as well as the studies on the dogmatic and ascetic teachings of this author. The history of the studies of thought of Martyrius-Sahdona traces chronologically: the different views of researchers and the change of the prevailing opinions on the subject are presented. There are marked a fairly satisfactory degree of completeness of the study of this author and, at the same time, some unresolved issues and disagreement of researchers with each other.

Escalation of Memory Length in Finite Populations

The escalation of complexity is a commonly cited benefit of coevolutionary systems, but computational simulations generally fail to demonstrate this capacity to a satisfactory degree. We draw on a macroevolutionary theory of escalation to develop a set of criteria for coevolutionary systems to exhibit escalation of strategic complexity. By expanding on a previously developed model of the evolution of memory length for cooperative strategies by Kristian Lindgren, we resolve previously observed limitations on the escalation of memory length by extending operators of evolutionary variation. We present long-term coevolutionary simulations showing that larger population sizes tend to support greater escalation of complexity than smaller ones do. Additionally, we investigate the sensitivity of escalation during transitions of complexity. The Lindgren model has often been used to argue that the escalation of competitive coevolution has intrinsic limitations. Our simulations show that coevolutionary arms races can continue to escalate in computational simulations given sufficient population sizes.