LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE AMONG YOUNG GENERATION IN KECAMATAN NAMORAMBE KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

The research was about Language Maintenance of Batak Toba Language among Young Generation in Kecamatan Namorambe, Kabupaten Deli Serdang. This study was conducted by applying the descriptive qualitative method. The data source was taken from the conversations of male and female young generations who live in Namorambe, Kabupaten Deli Serdang. The technique for analyzing the data is descriptive qualitative research based on Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. The result of this research was factors of the Batak Toba Language maintenance of young generation in Kecamatan Namorambe, Kabupaten Deli Serdang are Ethno Linguistic Vitality, Neighborhood Domain (100%), Seeing Each Other Frequently, Family Domain, Visiting Homeland Regularly or Frequently (80%) and Practice Traditional Ceremony (50%). The Ways of Young Generations in maintaining the BTL are Acquisition the Language (100%), Socially Integrated Population of Active Speakers (90%), and Localities of People Habitually Using the Language (80%). The Reasons Young Generations Maintain the BTL are Identity (90%), Prestige or Pride (100%), and Keeping the Language (90%).

LANGUAGE ECOLOGY IN TIBETAN AREAS OF WESTERN SICHUAN: PROBLEMS, CAUSES AND STRATEGIES

The language ecology in western Sichuan is diverse and complex, and there are nearly 20 ethnic groups and 20 languages intermingled with each other. However, their unique linguistic individuality is often covered by the universal language and become "disadvantaged languages" in their own habitat. Many reasons, of which are mixed ethnic distribution, deficient education resource and economic transformation etc., have led to the loss of linguistic vitality of the ancient languages. Ethnic, bilingual and vocational education are necessary strategies to improve the ethnic language ecology.

Ethno-Linguistic Vitality of Koch

The Koch language is spoken in the states of Assam (Goalpara, Nagaon, Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Chirang, Bongaigao, Barpeta, Baksa, Udalguri, Karbi Anglong, Golaghat districts), Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, South-West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills and East Khasi Hills Districts). Koches are found in West Bengal (Northern part) and also in Bangladesh. The speaker strength of Koch in India according to 2011 census is 36,434. Koch community is the bilingual speakers of Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Hindi, and English. Contact situations of Koch with Assamese and Bengali languages have made the language vulnerable to language shift. The UNESCO report mentions Koch as ‘Definitely Endangered’1. Koch has gained the status of a scheduled tribe in Meghalaya in 1987. Kondakov (2013) traces six distinct dialects of Koch, viz., Wanang, Koch-Rabha (Kocha), Harigaya, Margan, Chapra and Tintekiya. He (2013:24) states, “The relationship between the six Koch speech varieties are rather complex. They represent a dialect chain that stretches out from Koch-Rabha in the north to Tintekiya Koch in the south.” This is diagrammatically represented as - Koch-Rabha(Kocha)→Wanang→Harigaya→Margan, Chapra→Tintekiya where the adjacent dialects exhibit more lexical similarity than those at the ends. Nine ethno-linguistic varieties of Koch (also mentioned in Kondakov, 2013:5) have been reported during field investigation. These are Harigaya, Wanang, Tintekiya, Margan, Chapra, Satpariya, Sankar, Banai and Koch Mandai.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DYNAMICS AND ETHNOLINGUISTIC VITALITY OF SEMBIRAN BALINESE

This paper reports our preliminary findings on the assessment of language vitality of Sembiran Balinese in the larger socio-cultural transformation of contemporary Bali. Sembiran Balinese, also known as Bali Aga, is a conservative mountain dialect of Balinese spoken by around 5,000 speakers in the Sembiran village, 30 km east of Singaraja northern Bali. The language and its culture reflect Bali in antiquity (Ardika, et al. 1991; Ardika, et al. 1997), with the language quite distinct from Lowland Balinese (Bali Dataran), for example in terms of its pronominal system and the absence of speech level system (Astini 1996, Sedeng 2007, Arka & Sedeng 2018). The study is based on the data collected through questionnaires focusing on subjective views of ethno-linguistic vitality such as in-/out-group interactions and domains of language use in contemporary multilingual settings, supported by ethnographic data. The analysis makes use of the current development in the sociolinguistics of vitality, particularly the notions of ethnolinguistic vitality (Giles, et al 1977) and theories of language shift and endangerment (Grenoble & Whaley 2006, Fishman 1991). The findings reveal that Sembiran Balinese appears to have a relatively strong linguistic vitality even though the speech community itself is a minority group in Bali.

JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF INTERMARRIAGES IN RANTAU UTARA

This study deals with the Javanese Language Maintenance of Intermarriages in Rantau Utara. It employed qualitative research design with a case study. This study aims to describe: (1) the factors of language maintenance. It was chosen because many of Javanese people who married with other ethnic. The instruments used of this study were observation, questionnaire and interview. The data were analyzed by using Miles, Huberman and Saldana’s data analysis. The result of the study were found that there were six factors of Javanese language of maintaining the language namely seeing each other frequently (100%), neighborhood domain (97%), ethno linguistic vitality (100%), family domain (99%), religion domain (55%) and practice the traditional ceremony (35%). Keywords:Maintanance, Javanese, Language, Intermarriages