Feng–Liu-type fixed point result in orbital b-metric spaces and application to fractal integral equation

In this manuscript, we establish two Wardowski–Feng–Liu-type fixed point theorems for orbitally lower semicontinuous functions defined in orbitally complete b-metric spaces. The obtained results generalize and improve several existing theorems in the literature. Moreover, the findings are justified by suitable nontrivial examples. Further, we also discuss ordered version of the obtained results. Finally, an application is presented by using the concept of fractal involving a certain kind of fractal integral equations. An illustrative example is presented to substantiate the applicability of the obtained result in reducing the energy of an antenna.

Support points of lower semicontinuous functions with respect to the set of Lipschitz concave functions

For the functions defined on normed vector spaces, we introduce a new notion of the LC -convexity that generalizes the classical notion of convex functions. A function is called to be LC -convex if it can be represented as the upper envelope of some subset of Lipschitz concave functions. It is proved that the function is LC -convex if and only if it is lower semicontinuous and, in addition, it is bounded from below by a Lipschitz function. As a generalization of a global subdifferential of a classically convex function, we introduce the set of LC -minorants supported to a function at a given point and the set of LC -support points of a function that are then used to derive a criterion for global minimum points and a necessary condition for global maximum points of nonsmooth functions. An important result of the article is to prove that for a LC - convex function, the set of LC -support points is dense in its effective domain. This result extends the well-known Brondsted– Rockafellar theorem on the existence of the sub-differential for classically convex lower semicontinuous functions to a wider class of lower semicontinuous functions and goes back to the one of the most important results of the classical convex analysis – the Bishop–Phelps theorem on the density of support points in the boundary of a closed convex set.

Distance to Spaces of Semicontinuous and Continuous Functions

Given a topological spaceX, we establish formulas to compute the distance from a functionf∈RXto the spaces of upper semicontinuous functions and lower semicontinuous functions. For this, we introduce an index of upper semioscillation and lower semioscillation. We also establish new formulas about distances to some subspaces of continuous functions that generalize some classical results.

Difference of two strong Światkowski lower semicontinuous functions

The problem of a family functions representable as the difference of two lower semicontinuous strong Światkowski functions is discussed. Particularly, we suggest how to characterize such systems.

Approximations by differences of lower semicontinuous functions

A classical theorem of W. Sierpiński, S. Mazurkiewicz and S. Kempisty says that the class of all differences of lower semicontinuous functions is uniformly dense in the space of all Baire-one functions. We show a generalization of this result to more general situations and derive an abstract theorem in the case of a binormal topological space.