Structure of the Atom

Structure of the Atom describes the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, which explains the fundamental nature of energy and matter, in terms of how electrons are arranged within atoms and how that arrangement determines the ultimate chemical and physical properties of elements. A discussion of atomic spectra, the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, and the quantum numbers of an atomic orbital is provided. Other topics include the determination of quantum numbers from energy levels, the shapes of atomic orbitals, electron filling order, and the determination of the complete electron configuration of the elements.

A local-realistic quantum mechanical model of spin and spin entanglement

This paper aims at reproducing quantum mechanical (QM) spin and spin entanglement results using a realist, stochastic, and local approach, without the standard QM mathematical formulation. The concrete model proposed includes the description of Stern–Gerlach apparatuses and of Bell test experiments. Single particle trajectories are explicitly evaluated as a function of a few stochastic variables that they assumedly carry on. QM predictions are retrieved as probability distributions of similarly-prepared ensembles of particles. Notably, it is shown that the proposed model, despite being both local and realist, is able to violate the Bell–CHSH inequalities by exploiting the coincidence loophole and thus intrinsically renouncing to one of the Bell’s assumptions.