Managing a sustainable integrated inventory model for imperfect production process with type one and type two errors

This study develops a sustainable integrated inventory model for controllable lead time with defective items, errors in inspection, and variable lead-time. The research investigates the effect of controlling lead time and capital investment in the setup cost. We assume that the buyer receives a lot size that may contain some defective items with a known defective probability. The buyer’s inspector conducts a 100% quality inspection and may incorrectly classify a non-defective item as a defective item (type one (I) error), or incorrectly classify a defective item as a non-defective item (type two (II) error). The mathematical inventory model considering carbon emission cost is developed, and the solution procedure is designed to derive the optimal solution. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the results.

Compensation and price reduction in international sale convention, Imamiya jurisprudence, Afghanistan and Iran law

According to the No. 50 article of the in international goods sale convention, in case any delivered goods by the render are not in accordance with the contract, he can reduce the goods prices pro rata the price of the matched item and that of the unmatched one( delivered) at the time of delivery. Also, in Imamiya jurisprudence and Iran law, whenever the goods are damaged and not matched with the contract, the person who can buy, by canceling the contract. At the end of his law relation or, by obtaining a compensation, accept the defective item to retain the tie, In both cases, what actually happens is the reeducation of price and also the consideration of the damaged item by buyer and the hold of a matual interest contrast. The current article is intended to study the price reduction in the sale convention, the Imamiya jurisprudence and Afghanistan law, to this end, first, the concept, nature and foundations of compensation and price reduction are put forth and them their occurrence and calculation ways are discussed, Finally the research outcomes are presented.

A Dynamic Programming-Based Sustainable Inventory-Allocation Planning Problem with Carbon Emissions and Defective Item Disposal under a Fuzzy Random Environment

There is a growing concern that business enterprises focus primarily on their economic activities and ignore the impact of these activities on the environment and the society. This paper investigates a novel sustainable inventory-allocation planning model with carbon emissions and defective item disposal over multiple periods under a fuzzy random environment. In this paper, a carbon credit price and a carbon cap are proposed to demonstrate the effect of carbon emissions’ costs on the inventory-allocation network costs. The percentage of poor quality products from manufacturers that need to be rejected is assumed to be fuzzy random. Because of the complexity of the model, dynamic programming-based particle swarm optimization with multiple social learning structures, a DP-based GLNPSO, and a fuzzy random simulation are proposed to solve the model. A case is then given to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model and the DP-based GLNPSO algorithm. The results found that total costs across the inventory-allocation network varied with changes in the carbon cap and that carbon emissions’ reductions could be utilized to gain greater profits.