Knowledge and Adoption of Drip Irrigation in Citrus Crops among Farmers ofWestern Haryana

Water is becoming increasing scare which limits agricultural development not only in Indiabut also in many parts of the world. Drip irrigation is an incredibly efficient wateringmethod that slowly delivers water directly to plant root system. The present study wasundertaken to assess the knowledge and adoption level of drip irrigation in citrus cropsamong farmers of Haryana state. Majority of respondents belonged to middle age group(51.67%), general castes (96.67%), joint families (68.33%) and having land between 4-10hectares (45.00%). It was found that majority of sampled farmers (61.67%) had high levelof knowledge while 31.67 per cent had moderate level of knowledge of drip irrigation.More number of farmers had high level of adoption (40.00%) whereas 35.00 per cent hadmedium and 25.00 per cent had low level of adoption of drip irrigation. Socio-economicfactors like income, landholding, mass media exposure, education and socio-economic statusof farmers were found significantly associated with the level of knowledge and adoptionof drip irrigation. It is concluded that more efforts are required to increase the knowledgeof farmers about drip irrigation for wider adoption of micro-irrigation technologies.

Active Aging through Later Life and Afterlife Planning: Shūkatsu in a Super-Aged Japan

In Japan, the term shūkatsu—referred as the planning for later life and for the afterlife—has gained popularity due to high amount of mass media exposure in recent years. This paper examines shūkatsu from the active aging framework, contending that shūkatsu is an important activity that contributes to active aging, as the process of conscientious planning encourages older Japanese people to remain active. Data for this study were obtained from qualitative interviews that were conducted with 40 older middle-class Japanese citizens residing in Nagoya. Explored through a life course perspective, the study examined how salient factors, such as personal history, experiences, roles, anxieties, life-changing events, and cultural practices, have influenced older Japanese people in their shūkatsu decision-making process. In the process of understanding how the Japanese respond to changing family relationships and sociocultural transformations, the emphasis on living a “good old age” for better social, psychological, and physical well-being strongly reflects the agency to age actively. In a super-aged Japan, shūkatsu may be a vital strategy that not only ensures a better quality of life for the older population and their children, but it also contributes to individual’s sense of usefulness and satisfaction, as they are actively involved in the planning and management of their own later and afterlife choices.

Agri-Entrepreneural Behaviour of King Chilli Growers Under Dimapur District, Nagaland

The present study was conducted with the objective to find out the socio economic profile, agri-entrepreneural behaviour and attitude of king chilli growers in Dimapur district of Nagaland and find out the constraints faced by the respondents and to obtain their suggestions. A total of one hundred twenty farmers were selected from 4 villages using proportionate random sampling procedure. Data was collected by using interview method using pre-structure D interview schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The study revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to middle aged group, had medium level of annual income with medium size of land holding. Majority of them had medium year of farming experience and medium level of extension contact. On analyzing the entrepreneural behaviour level, highest number of respondents i.e. 65.83% were having medium level of entrepreneural behaviour followed by 25 % having high and 9.16% having low levels. In respect of correlation analysis between entrepreneural behaviour level and socio- economic profile of respondents it shows that annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure and social contact are positively significant. Whereas, age, education, family type, family size, type of house, land holding, and farming experience are non-significant. In respect of the correlation analysis, the annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure and social contact were positively significant at 0.05 % level related to attitude of the people whereas age, education, family type, family size, type of house, land holding, and farming experience were found to be non-significantly related to attitude of the respondents towards king chilli production respectively.

ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF BRINJAL GROWERS TOWARDS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The present study was conducted in Korukonda and Ramchandrapuram division having prominent area under brinjal in East Godavari district by selecting 4 villages from each mandal for study. Total 72 brinjal growers were selected. The study revealed that personal and socio economic characteristics of the respondents education, , land holding , extension participation , area under brinjal , extension contact and mass media exposure were positively and significantly correlated with their level of adoption of IPM practices. The variable age, family type, annual income and occupation had negative and significant correlation with the adoption level. Availability of biopesticides, pheromone traps and light traps at reasonable price and at local places were the important suggestions made by brinjal growers. The other suggestions were insect organization of demonstration campaign for proper guidance on IPM practices and for identifying insect pest from state department of agriculture and state agricultural universities.

Socio-personal and Communication Characteristics of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) Beneficiary Farmers in Uttarakhand

Water is a critical resource in agriculture & allied sector and it is estimated that globally, on average, agriculture accounts for 70 percent of global freshwater withdrawals. Consequently, the management of water in agriculture (irrigation) becomes important and in this context, programmes on irrigation and water conservation have been playing pivotal role. At present, this task at central level is performed by Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY). So, the research objective was formulated to study the socio-personal and communication characteristics of beneficiary farmers of PMKSY and it was undertaken during 2020-21. Uttarkashi and Dehradun districts were selected purposively and two blocks were selected in each district by simple random sampling. Three villages from each block and twenty farmers from each village were selected by following simple random sampling. Thus, the sample constituted to a total of 240 respondents. The findings revealed that majority (35.84%) of beneficiary farmers belonged for middle age group, more than two-fifth (40.00%) of the beneficiary farmers had education up to intermediate, almost two-fifth (39.17%) of the beneficiary farmers had medium farm, nearly half (49.59%) of the beneficiary farmers had medium farming experience. Moreover, beneficiary farmers (100.00%) had agriculture as their primary occupation, half (50.83%) of the beneficiary farmers had medium extension contact, more than half (56.67%) had medium level of mass media exposure followed, three-fifth (61.25%) beneficiary farmers had high innovativeness, 51.67 per cent PMKSY beneficiary farmers had low level of training exposure, majority (47.50%) had low social participation, 60.83 per cent beneficiary farmers had medium achievement motivation, majority (67.50%) had medium scientific orientation and majority (66.67%) of beneficiary farmers belonged to medium risk preference group. Interventions on focusing on small and marginal farmers, providing more trainings, improving extension contacts and social participation were suggested as the suitable measures for success of micro irrigation under PMKSY.

Socio-economic and Psychological Profile of Farmers Practicing Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) in Andhra Pradesh

Agriculture is always been considered as the backbone of our country. In India, 70 per cent of the rural population is engaged in agriculture and 80 per cent of the population lives directly or indirectly on agriculture. There are 115 million operational holdings in the country and about 80 per cent are marginal and small farmers [1]. Indian agriculture has been taken the responsibility of providing food and employment to its millions of people. The present study described the socio-economic and psychological profile of Integrated Farming System practicing farmers in Chittoor from Rayalaseema region, East Godavari from North East Coastal region and Srikakulam from North Coastal region. The sample constituted to a total of 189 farmers. The farmers practicing Integrated Farming System were middle aged (52.38%), completed graduation (26.98%), were small land holders (43.39%) with high experience in IFS (55.56%), had nuclear family (88.89%) and with fair cropping pattern (69.31%). The major occupation of the IFS farmers was cultivation (51.85%) with medium family size (67.72%), annual income (49.21%), extension contact (43.39%), mass media exposure (43.92%), economic motivation (54.50%), decision making ability (46.03%), risk preference (53.44%), enterprise combination (100.00%) and members of at least one organization (65.08%).

KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS TOWARDS IMPROVED TOMATO PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN SONBHADRA DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH

India being a sub-tropical country, ideal for fruit and vegetable production and stands as second largest producer of vegetable. Tomato is the most cultivating vegetable crop in Uttar Pradesh but to ensure food security and to impart the new technology to farmers, the knowledge, attitude and adoption level of farmers should be studied. Thus, the present study was formulated in Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. Four villages were selected from Ghorwal taluk, 30 respondents from 4 villages constitutes the respondents. Primary data collected from the respondents were analysed with appropriate statistical tools. It can be inferred that majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterate, had agriculture as their main occupation, possess below 1 hectare of land holding, had 3-10 years of experience in tomato cultivation and farming with medium level of mass media exposure, risk taking ability and progressiveness; earns medium level of annual income. Meanwhile, most of them had medium level of knowledge, attitude and adoption. Whereas, socio-economic characteristics like age, education, mass media exposure, annual income, farming experience and progressiveness had positive and significant association with the knowledge and attitude level of respondents.

IMPACT OF MICRO-FINANCE ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN PRAYAGRAJ DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Microfinance is a widely accepted tool for poverty alleviation and socio-economic development of its beneficiaries and currently promoted as a key strategy for women empowerment and for reaching the unreached poor. There was lack of knowledge on the impact of microfinance on women empowerment; hence there arises the need for the study. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. Six villages in Holagarh block of Prayagaraj district is selected for the study. From each village, 20 respondents were selected constitutes 120 respondents. The primary data were collected with the help of interview schedule and with appropriate statistical tools the data is processed. The findings of the study are majority of the respondents were middle aged, literate, earns medium level of annual income, low level of mass media exposure, had above 3 acres of land holding, medium level of leadership capacity and medium level of social participation. Further, nearly half of the respondents had medium level of impact on operational aspects and individual aspects of micro-finance on women empowerment and more than two-third of the respondents had medium level of impact of micro-finance on family aspects.

EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMMES ON TELEVISION AS PERCEIVED BY TELEVIEWING FARMERS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The present study was undertaken with the main objective of assessing the effectiveness of agricultural programmes of different channels as perceived by the televiewing farmers. Before and After research design was followed in the present investigation. The study was conducted in Tirupathi mandal, Chittoor district which were selected purposively. The data were collected randomly by talking personally interview of 120 televiewers. The data was collected by personal interview method through structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, had medium level of education, medium farming experience, medium land holding, medium level of extension contact, mass media exposure, economic orientation, achievement motivation and innovativeness. Majority of the respondents had perception of televiewing farmers of different channels with respect to components of effectiveness, namely understandability, usefulness, demonstration mode of presentation, entertainment and relevancy of pictures. “Time duration is not sufficient”, “Telecast time is not convenient”, “Telecast programmes are useful to the farming community” and “Telecast programme are drawing attention of the farmers to bring awareness on new technology” were the major reactions of the respondents. Telecast time need to be changed from 6:00am-7.00am and 7.00pm-9.00pm, all programmes should be telecasted should be telecasted daily, information on the schedule of the topics to be telecasted in the telecasted in the consecutive week should be advertised at the starting of the week, separate television channel is required to telecast agriculture related activities.