Preparation and Application of Dislocation-Free Monocrystalline Silicon by CZ Method

This project studies the impact on ‹110› dislocation-free monocrystal grown by Czochralski method (hereinafter referred to as CZ) through puller's heat zone system and pulling process. Adjusting heat system appropriately, increasing pulling speed sharply, controlling the diameter and length in neck growth, controlling the speed in crown growth, increasing the length and diameter of tail, all of which are key elements to guarantee the success of ‹110› dislocation-free monocrystal pulling. The ‹110› dislocation-free monocrystal we developed under this project can be applied to optoelectronic devices for both semiconductor and solar industry. According to the verifications of the customer, the solar cell manufactured by ‹110› silicon monocrystal has unique features of ultra-thin and high efficiency. Furthermore, it can solve the problem caused by sheltering issue. Compared to traditional solar cell, silicon usage is 3 times less. As a result, it reduces the material cost dramatically.

Refining Ornamental Heat Zone Categories with Evapotranspiration

The American Horticulture Society (AHS) Heat Zone categories have been developed to categorize ornamental plant adaptability to different air temperature climates. These zones, like the Plant Hardiness map showing plant cold hardiness zones within the United States, are primarily north to south zones. Within the Great Plains region of the United States, the AHS Heat Zone categories provide a basic level of plant adaptability to air temperature, but do not account for plant reaction to variations in wind, relative humidity or sunlight. Daily reference evapotranspiration provides a single number that responds to variations in air temperature, wind, relative humidity and sunlight. In Oklahoma, the Oklahoma Mesonet provides a uniform statewide network of weather monitor towers that can be used to accurately calculate both short and tall American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) reference evapotranspiration (ref ET) across the entire state. Accumulated daily ref ET values can be used to provide further refinement in categorizing ornamental plant adaptability.

Growth, Flowering, and Survival of Black-eyed Susan from Different Regional Seed Sources

Growth, flowering, and survival of black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) from three seed sources—northern Florida (NFL), central Florida (CFL), and Texas (TEX)—were evaluated under low input conditions for one growing season at four sites in Florida. Two sites were in American Horticultural Society (AHS) Heat Zone 9 while the other two were in AHS Heat Zones 10 and 11. Growth, onset date of flowering, and number of flowers at peak flowering varied by site. With few exceptions, plants tended to reach peak flowering at about the same time. Flower diameter varied by seed source with TEX>NFL>CFL. While TEX plants were perceived as the showiest, NFL and CFL plants persisted longer under the low input conditions in Florida, and hence provided some evidence of adaptation to regional site conditions.

Self-Bonding, Exothermically Reactive MCrAlY Composites for Abradable-Clearance Control Coatings

Ni+Al, Ti+Al, NiCr+AI, and Cr+Al powders react exothermically in the heat zone of thermal spraying systems. Whether such reactions occur between aluminum and superalloy powders is the underlying question of this study. This paper describes composites of this nature and their sprayability to form adherent, metallurgically bonded deposits. Through parametric manipulation, coatings can be produced with a range of properties from dense to open (porous/abradable) structures. The paper also shows how seed particles can be clad with aluminum and sprayed to predictable property limits.

Growth Periodicity for Container-Grown Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars in AHS Heat-Zone 8

Growth patterns of seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (Acer x freemanii E. Murray) cultivars grown in containers in Alabama were evaluated using monthly destructive harvests. The effectiveness of a growth modeling technique not previously described is demonstrated using the data presented for both the Freeman maple (red maple xsilver maple interspecific cross) and red maple categories. Freeman maple cultivars ‘Armstrong’, ‘Celzam’ (Celebration™), and ‘Jeffersred’ (Autumn Blaze™); and red maple cultivars ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Landsburg’ (Firedance™), ‘Franksred’ (Red Sunset™), ‘Olson’ (Northfire™), ‘Northwood’, and ‘October Glory®’ were studied. Uniform liners of each cultivar were planted in 9.1-liter (#3) containers in March 1996. More than 75% of seasonal height and diameter growth was complete for most cultivars before mid-August, while only 25% of root growth had occurred by the end of August. The remaining 75% of root growth occurred from August through November. The greatest overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase) was for ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘October Glory®’, both red maple cultivars; and Freeman maple cultivars ‘Celzam’ and ‘Jeffersred’. The least overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase), was for red maple cultivars ‘Northwood’ and ‘Landsburg’.