RELATIONSHIP NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS AND NON-SPORTS YOUNG ADOLESCENTS

From school onwards, children spend more and more time with their peers without direct adult supervision. In peer groups, the emphasis is on shared interests, understanding and trust, rather than joint activities. The biological changes associated with adolescent sexual maturation also lead to changes in social relationships. The topic is particularly topical now, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, when opportunities for face-to- face communication have been significantly reduced, leading in many cases to a transformation of relationships. Playing sport expands the individual's range of experience: he or she is exposed to a new social environment, has the opportunity to form new relationships, and encounters a new set of values and norms. All this shapes their personality, their individuality and has an impact on their whole life. However, many children today do not play sport regularly, partly because of the increased mental workload and demands and the resulting lack of time. In my research, I was looking for answers to the question of how regular sporting activities affect the social relationships of young adolescents. As the data from my research show, regular sporting activity has a beneficial effect on both the extension and the intensity of children's relational networks, especially for those playing team sports.

Comportamentos de bullying em jovens praticantes de desporto (Bullying behaviours in young athletes)

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a natureza dos comportamentos de bullying de atletas do desporto federado na Região Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. Através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas foram inquiridos 13 atletas do desporto federado. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados sugerem que existem ocorrência de comportamentos de bullying no desporto. Os inqueridos caracterizam o conceito de bullying como comportamentos de gozo, violência física e brincadeira, considerando os tipos de bullying mais usuais, o bullying verbal e o bullying físico. Os locais mais propícios à ocorrência de episódios de bullying são os balneários, o treino e a prática desportiva, que ocorrem pela falta de vigilância de adultos e agressividade entre pares. Os atletas referem que o treinador tem um papel importante na diminuição de comportamentos de bullying no desporto. Os atletas referiram que o bullying deve ser um tema crucial nas investigações científicas, bem como, em programas de prevenção e intervenção no contexto desportivo e contexto escolar, com a finalidade de sensibilizar a sociedade para esta temática. Abstract. The aim of the paper was to describe the nature of bullying behaviours among federated sport athletes in the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro region, Portugal. Thirteen federated sports athletes were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using the content analysis technique. The results suggest that bullying behaviours occur in sport. The respondents characterized bullying as behaviours of mockery, play and physical violence. They also identified the most common types of bullying as verbal and physical. The most likely places for bullying episodes to occur are changing rooms, training and games, due to the lack of adult supervision and aggressiveness between peers. Athletes reported that the coach has an important role in reducing bullying behaviours in sport. The athletes mentioned that bullying should be the object of scientific investigation, as well as in prevention and intervention programs both in sport and school contexts, in order to increase awareness on this issue.

Children and Infants in Aviation Accidents

BACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between seat restraints and injuries of children and infants who were passengers on an aircraft and gives a detailed analysis of children whose behavior contributed to an accident.METHODS: A total of 58 accident reports from 1980 until 2015 were extracted from the NTSB online database in which children were mentioned. In at least 10 cases the childs behavior contributed to the accident.RESULTS: Violations of regulations by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) as well as the age and number of children and infants on board were each reported inconsistently. Violations of regulations were significantly more common when accidents occurred during the takeoff phase. Child behaviors that caused accidents included distraction of crew, not wearing a seatbelt, and running into dangerous areas.CONCLUSIONS: Pilots and crew, especially in General Aviation, need to be made aware of the need to enforce FAA regulations concerning child restraint systems. It is recommended that children both on the ground and inside an aircraft have adult supervision in addition to supervising aircraft crew to prevent distractions that harm the safe operation of an aircraft.Kalagher H, de Voogt A. Children and infants in aviation accidents. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(5):353357.

Experimenting on Natural Acid-Base Indicators: A Home-based Chemistry Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic as evaluated by Teachers

This study determined the feasibility of conducting a laboratory experiment on natural acid-base indicators as a home-based activity. Seven high school teachers from Cebu in Central Visayas, Philippines conducted the home-based activity, evaluated the activity using a validated questionnaire, and were interviewed for opportunities and challenges. Results showed that the at-home activity was feasible and satisfactory, however inaccuracies and inconsistencies were found in the results of the experiment. Nevertheless, the teachers viewed the experiment to have opportunities for holistic development and some challenges concerning material unavailability, safety issues, among others. In conclusion, the home-based activity can be done by students as evaluated by their teachers. Refinement of the activity may be done to correct experimental errors and consider factors that may affect the accuracy of the experimental results. Teachers should also consider resource availability, adult supervision, and safety concerns when dealing with home-based activities.

Development of Preschool Children’s Executive Functions throughout a Play-Based Learning Approach That Embeds Science Concepts

This study focuses on the development of executive functions in preschool children during a series of science activities. A longitudinal play-based learning intervention was designed and implemented following the design of an educational experiment. Data were collected through visual ethnography in hot situations with adult supervision. Results show how entwined the concepts of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility are within young children’s development. The development of cognitive flexibility or attention shifting readily occurred when there were fictive characters (such as the king and his royal family), but changing perspective toward a nonfictive environment (i.e., taking other children’s perspectives) was a more difficult and time-consuming process. This process began in an individual perspective and expanded to acknowledging others’ perspectives, then moved toward creating common perspectives or alternative narratives. Results show that science activities can be a bridge for preschool children to transfer their use of executive functions, from fairytales and games toward everyday tasks.

How bike riding kids talk about bike riding.

There are children who bike regularly despite biking trending otherwise. For the past year, including through the global COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, the researchers have been talking with biking-supportive parents and biking-active kids about their perspectives and experiences of biking. At the heart of this research the researchers wanted to know: what is it about biking that parents and children value so much that they are willing to keep riding, despite the changing context and attitudes toward children's biking? How do parents and children make sense of, negotiate and ultimately resist dominant discourses regarding children's biking, particularly children biking without adult supervision? Through the fall of 2019 and spring of 2020, the researchers held interviews with 19 parents and 24 kids (aged 10 to 16) who rode bikes regularly (at least once a the week), and whenever possible the researchers interviewed parents and children separately. The researchers prefer to use the descriptors of 'kids' (versus children) and 'biking' (versus cycling) to more closely reflect the everyday language used by kids to describe their bicycling activity.

Epidemiology of drowning incidents among children at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital Muscat, Oman

Objectives: To study the epidemiology of drowning among children cases reported at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Oman. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the patients who were presented at emergency department with the history of drowning over a period of 10 years from January 2008 to December 2017. Patients with age 1 to 18 years were included in the study. The data including demographics, timing and location of drowning, season, adult supervision, swimming ability, medical risk factors, duration of submersion, on spot resuscitation, emergency medicine department assessment, hospital management and outcome were collected from electronic hospital information system using a preformed proforma. Outcome was categorized into either full recovery, severe neurological injury or brain death based on the pediatric cerebral performance category (PCPC). A good outcome represents to a score of 1-3 points and PCPC 2 of 4-6 points corresponds to poor outcome. We calculated correlation for all variables with the outcome by using chi square and fisher exact tests. P value of <0.05 is taken as significant value. Results: A total of 74 patients were included in the study. Of them, 54 (73%) were male, children of less than six years of age were 47 (63.5%). More than 50% of drownings happened in outside swimming pool, 21 (28.4%) of patients were unsupervised during incident and 39 (52.7%) required cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Out of all studied subjects, 3 (4%) were brain dead and 2 (2.7%) developed severe neurological injury. On univariate analysis, the following variables were statistically significant (p<0.05) predicting the poor outcome like lack of adult supervision, duration of submersion >10 minutes, asystole, Glasgow Coma Scale <8, temperature <35c, PH <7, anion gap >20, blood glucose >10 mmol/L, abnormal chest x-ary findings, rewarming, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, inotrope support and pediatric intensive care unit admission. Conclusion: This study suggests that children especially male below 6 years of age without swimming ability need strict supervision next to body of water. Furthermore; preventive measures might include raising community awareness about the risk factors of drowning, commencing public CPR lessons and strict pool safety regulation by related authorities.

Feasibility of a Tablet-Based Program for Training Everyday Planning in Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities

BackgroundIndividuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) show difficulties with everyday planning. A tablet-based training program for everyday planning may be a suitable intervention, but its feasibility must be evaluated. This study evaluated how behavior changes during training and if individuals with ID can use technology by themselves.MethodThirty-three adolescents with ID and 30 younger children with a typical development were recruited. The participants were instructed to train in school for a total of 300 minutes. After the intervention, the participants were matched on mental age (MA).ResultsOnly 16% of the participants trained for all 300 minutes. Participants in the MA group trained for a longer time than the ID group. Both groups made fewer errors per task at the end compared to the beginning. Individuals with ID started off making less attempts per task and increased their activity during the training. This pattern was not seen in the comparison group.ConclusionsBoth groups used the program independently, without adult supervision. However, a large group of participants in the ID group had a low usage time. Thus, the program might not have been feasible for that subgroup. The ID group increased their activity during the training which might mirror a strategy development of how to use the program. The change in behavior in activity on task attempts can be interpreted such that individuals with ID need a longer time to get familiarized with the technology. Tablet-based training programs are feasible for individuals with ID, but it is necessary to follow up on usage time.

Who Cares if Parents have Unpredictable Work Schedules?: Just-in-Time Work Schedules and Child Care Arrangements

Working parents must arrange some type of care for their young children when they are away at work. For parents with unstable and unpredictable work schedules, the logistics of arranging care can be complex. In this paper, we use survey data from the Shift Project, collected in 2017 and 2018 from a sample of 3,653 parents who balance work in the retail and food service sector with parenting young children from infants to nine years of age. Our results demonstrate that unstable and unpredictable work schedules have consequences for children’s care arrangements. We find that parents’ exposure to on-call work and last-minute shift changes are associated with more numerous care arrangements, with a reliance on informal care arrangements, with the use of siblings to provide care, and with young children being left alone without adult supervision. Given the well-established relationship between quality of care in the early years and child development, just-in-time scheduling practices are likely to have consequences for children’s development and safety and to contribute to the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage.

MENGEMBANGKAN NILAI KEMANDIRIAN ANAK MELALUI METODE BERCERITA PADA USIA 5-6 TAHUN

Independence is a condition that reflects a child becoming an independent person without being dependent on others even though still under adult supervision. This study aims to indentify the development of children's independent character value through storytelling method. This study used qualitative method through action research approach which is conducted intwo cycles. Each cycle is carried out with stage of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The samples of this study were 32 children. Data collection was conducted through observation and children's activities. Data analysis used descriptive analysis technique. The result showed that mean score of first cycle on improving children's independence have developed as expected (BSH) and developed very well (BSB), which was 9 children (28.2%). In the second cycle shown an enhancement in which the mean score gained 25 children (78.2%). it can be concluded that the storytelling method can develop independence value of early childhood. Then, implication of this study that storytelling method can be used to develop other development value of early childhood. Abstrak Kemandirian adalah suatu kondisi yang mencerminkan seorang anak dapat berdiri sendiri tanpa bergantung pada orang lain meskipun tetap dalam pengawasan orang dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengembangkan kemandirian anak melalui metode bercerita. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus dilakukan melalui tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 32 orang anak. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan unjuk kerja. Analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rata-rata pada siklus 1 bahwa pengembangan kemandirian anak telah berkembang sesuai harapan (BSH) dan telah berkembang sangat baik (BSB) yaitu 9 anak (28,2%). Pada Siklus II telah menunjukan peningkatan dengan nilai rata-rata 25 anak (78,2%). Penggunaan metode bercerita dapat mengembangkan kemadirian anak usia dini. Maka, implikasi kajian ini bahwa metode bercerita dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan berbagai aspek perkembangan anak. Kata Kunci: Kemandirian, Anak Usia Dini, Metode Bercerita