The interactive model of ethnic entrepreneurship : a case study of Pacific Mall in Markham, Ontario

Using the Interactive Model of Ethnic Entrepreneurship created by Waldinger et al. (1990), this major research paper examines the strategies employed by Chinese entrepreneurs in Toronto. Pacific Mall, an indoor shopping centre located in the outer skirt of Toronto, is selected as a case study of Chinese enclave economy to determine whether the model is reflective of reality. An in-depth examination of a set of internal and external factors is presented to explain how the opportunity structure interacts with the goup characterstics of the entrepreneurs to facilitate ethnic entrepreneurship in Pacific Mall. The findings of this paper indicates that the model generally presents a good explanation of the circumstances found in Pacific Mall; however, minor gaps remain as certain factors could not be explained by the model.

The interactive model of ethnic entrepreneurship : a case study of Pacific Mall in Markham, Ontario

Using the Interactive Model of Ethnic Entrepreneurship created by Waldinger et al. (1990), this major research paper examines the strategies employed by Chinese entrepreneurs in Toronto. Pacific Mall, an indoor shopping centre located in the outer skirt of Toronto, is selected as a case study of Chinese enclave economy to determine whether the model is reflective of reality. An in-depth examination of a set of internal and external factors is presented to explain how the opportunity structure interacts with the goup characterstics of the entrepreneurs to facilitate ethnic entrepreneurship in Pacific Mall. The findings of this paper indicates that the model generally presents a good explanation of the circumstances found in Pacific Mall; however, minor gaps remain as certain factors could not be explained by the model.

The Canadian experience from the perspective of Brazilian immigrant entrepreneurship in Toronto

Objective: The study aims at analyzing the socio-demographic profile of Brazilian immigrant entrepreneurship in Toronto, its entrepreneurial behavioral traits, in addition to their business profiles. Methodology/approach: This research is multi-method, with qualitative predominance, being exploratory-descriptive. For data-collection it was conducted a survey and further deepening with face-to-face interviews and field observations. Main results: The majority declared themselves to be from the Brazilian Southeast, white, 35 to 49 years old, married, with children, high academic and professional background. The influence of the state of social malaise in Brazil and the official Canadian discourse, seem to act as factors of "expulsion-attraction" to migration. The job condition of unemployment upon immigrants’ arrival can “push” them into necessity-driven entrepreneurship, although there are also ventures that have identified opportunities. Most of the businesses are small and operate in the service sector, concentrated on the West End of Toronto. In many businesses, there was a strong search for identification with the ethnic community itself, which suggests the formation of 'enclave economy', but in some cases, the main market for local consumers was targeted. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The article highlights the importance of conducting a multi-method research to understand possible entrepreneurial configurations by Brazilian immigrants. Relevance / originality: the article has academic relevance given the scarce work on the theme of Brazilian immigrant entrepreneurship overseas. Truly little is known about this phenomenon in Canada. Social and management contributions: The entrepreneurial trajectories described minimize risks for future immigrants; in addition, the discussion about the social capital of the ethnic community allows comparisons with the business of Brazilians in other countries.

Russian Economy as a Pyramid of Wealth Enclaves: Political Economy Approach

The article highlights the resource-industrial and institutional conditions causing the fragmentation of the economic space in Russia. In these conditions, the integration of the economy and society is ensured through the integrated political-administrative market of the centralized type. As a result, the functioning and development of the Russian economy are described as a complicated interweaving of the horizontal added value chains and the vertical chains of value redistribution. This created the pyramid of wealth enclaves in the Russian economy. The interaction between the actors controlling these enclaves occurs mainly on the political-administrative market, connected with the vertical redistribution of added value. The theoretical basis of the study is J. Stiglitz’s model of dual enclave economy and the modified tools of the concept of global value chains (GVC). The study operates such qualitative research methods as conceptualization and comprehensive analysis. The study revealed that in the Russian economy the economic market fragmentation situation is persistently present. The pyramid of wealth enclaves linked with the vertical chains of value redistribution does not create incentives for the integrated development of the national economy