lung innate immunity
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2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11483
Author(s):  
Lihua Qu ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Tong Yin ◽  
Qian Fang ◽  
Zizhan Hong ◽  
...  

Despite the protracted battle against coronavirus acute respiratory infection (COVID-19) and the rapid evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), no specific and effective drugs have to date been reported. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a zinc metalloproteinase and a critical modulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, ACE2 has anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis functions. ACE has become widely known in the past decade as it has been identified as the primary receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, being closely associated with their infection. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung, which induces a cytokine storm by infecting alveolar cells, resulting in tissue damage and eventually severe acute respiratory syndrome. In the lung, innate immunity acts as a critical line of defense against pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to summarize the regulation of ACE2, and lung host cells resist SARS-CoV-2 invasion by activating innate immunity response. Finally, we discuss ACE2 as a therapeutic target, providing reference and enlightenment for the clinical treatment of COVID-19.


Author(s):  
Shubhanshi Trivedi ◽  
Allie H Grossmann ◽  
Owen Jensen ◽  
Mark J Cody ◽  
Taylor A Wahlig ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Pneumonia and diarrhea are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that diarrhea is associated with an increased risk of subsequent pneumonia. Our aim was to determine the impact of intestinal infection on innate immune responses in the lung. Methods Using a mouse model of intestinal infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium (ST)), we investigated associations between gastrointestinal infections and lung innate immune responses to bacterial (Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP)) challenge. Results We found alterations in frequencies of innate immune cells in lungs of intestinally-infected mice compared to uninfected mice. On subsequent challenge with K. pneumoniae we found that mice with prior intestinal infection have higher lung bacterial burden and inflammation, increased neutrophil margination, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but lower overall numbers of neutrophils, compared to mice without prior intestinal infection. Total numbers of dendritic cells, innate-like T cells, and natural killer cells were not different between mice with and without prior intestinal infection. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that intestinal infection impacts lung innate immune responses, most notably neutrophil characteristics, potentially resulting in increased susceptibility to secondary pneumonia.


2018 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Dickson ◽  
John R. Erb-Downward ◽  
Nicole R. Falkowski ◽  
Ellen M. Hunter ◽  
Shanna L. Ashley ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Seiler ◽  
Robert Bals ◽  
Christoph Beisswenger

2013 ◽  
Vol 288 (25) ◽  
pp. 18421-18428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Chandler ◽  
David P. Nichols ◽  
Jerry A. Nick ◽  
Robert J. Hondal ◽  
Brian J. Day

2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Aronoff ◽  
Ingrid L. Bergin ◽  
Casey Lewis ◽  
Deepti Goel ◽  
Edmund O’Brien ◽  
...  

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